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Perek 1

Mishnayos Shabbos Perek 1 Mishnah 1

שבת פרק א׳ משנה א׳

1
The acts of carrying out from a public domain into a private domain or vice versa, which are prohibited on Shabbat, are primarily two basic actions that comprise four cases from the perspective of a person inside a private domain, and two basic actions that comprise four cases from the perspective of a person outside, in a public domain. The mishna elaborates: How do these eight cases take place? In order to answer that question, the mishna cites cases involving a poor person and a homeowner. The poor person stands outside, in the public domain, and the homeowner stands inside, in the private domain. The poor person lifted an object in the public domain, extended his hand into the private domain, and placed the object into the hand of the homeowner. In that case, the poor person performed the prohibited labor of carrying from the public domain into the private domain in its entirety. Or, the poor person reached his hand into the private domain, took an item from the hand of the homeowner, and carried it out into the public domain. In that case, the poor person performed the prohibited labor of carrying out from the private domain into the public domain in its entirety. In both of these cases, because the poor person performed the prohibited labor in its entirety, he is liable and the homeowner is exempt. The mishna cites two additional cases. In these, the prohibited labor is performed by the homeowner, who is in the private domain: The homeowner lifted an item in the private domain, extended his hand into the public domain, and placed the object into the hand of the poor person. In that case, the homeowner performed the labor of carrying out from the private domain into the public domain in its entirety. Or, the homeowner reached his hand into the public domain, took an object from the hand of the poor person, and carried it into the private domain. In that case, the homeowner performed the labor of carrying from the public domain into the private domain in its entirety. In both of those cases, because the homeowner performed the prohibited labor in its entirety, he is liable and the poor person is exempt. There are four additional cases where neither the homeowner nor the poor person performed the labor in its entirety, and therefore neither is liable: The poor person extended his hand into the private domain and either the homeowner took an object from his hand and placed it in the private domain or the homeowner placed an object into the hand of the poor person, and the poor person carried the object out into the public domain. In those cases and the two that follow, the act of transferring the object from one domain to another was performed jointly by two people, the poor person and the homeowner. Because each performed only part of the prohibited labor, both of them are exempt. So too, in a case where the homeowner extended his hand into the public domain and, either the poor person took an object from the homeowner’s hand and placed it in the public domain or the poor person placed an object into the homeowner’s hand and the homeowner carried the object into the private domain. Because each performed only part of the prohibited labor, both of them are exempt.
יְצִיאוֹת הַשַּׁבָּת שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע בִּפְנִים, וּשְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע בַּחוּץ. כֵּיצַד. הֶעָנִי עוֹמֵד בַּחוּץ וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת בִּפְנִים, פָּשַׁט הֶעָנִי אֶת יָדוֹ לִפְנִים וְנָתַן לְתוֹךְ יָדוֹ שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, אוֹ שֶׁנָּטַל מִתּוֹכָהּ וְהוֹצִיא, הֶעָנִי חַיָּב וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת פָּטוּר. פָּשַׁט בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֶת יָדוֹ לַחוּץ וְנָתַן לְתוֹךְ יָדוֹ שֶׁל עָנִי, אוֹ שֶׁנָּטַל מִתּוֹכָהּ וְהִכְנִיס, בַּעַל הַבַּיִת חַיָּב וְהֶעָנִי פָּטוּר. פָּשַׁט הֶעָנִי אֶת יָדוֹ לִפְנִים וְנָטַל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת מִתּוֹכָהּ, אוֹ שֶׁנָּתַן לְתוֹכָהּ וְהוֹצִיא, שְׁנֵיהֶם פְּטוּרִין. פָּשַׁט בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֶת יָדוֹ לַחוּץ וְנָטַל הֶעָנִי מִתּוֹכָהּ, אוֹ שֶׁנָּתַן לְתוֹכָהּ וְהִכְנִיס, שְׁנֵיהֶם פְּטוּרִין:
א׳

יציאות השבת – transferring an object from one domain to [another] domain (i.e., removing taking out of the house – see Talmud Shabbat 2b) that are mentioned concerning the Sabbath and carrying in are also called transferring since one takes out from one domain to another domain. And the fact that [the Mishnah] teaches יציאות /carrying (on the Sabbath) and it does not teach הוצאות /transferring, is because it uses the language of the Bible, as it is written (Exodus 16:29): “Let no one leave his place [on the seventh day],” and from it, we derive transferring, that a person should not leave with a utensil in his hand to collect the Manna.

שתים שהן ארבע – two from the Torah, transferring an object and carrying [it] in to the house owner who stands inside in the private domain, and on these two, a person is liable for a sin-offering for his inadvertent violation, and divine punishment by premature/sudden death for a willful violation, and stoning for his being warned, like in all the rest of the prohibited labors of Shabbat.

שהן ארבע – from their words (i.e., the Rabbis), they added two, to prohibit ab initio a case where the work is done by two people – this one uprooting and this place setting it down, for two who did it are exempt, as it states (Leviticus 4:27): “by doing any of the things which by the LORD’s commandments ought not to be done, [and he realizes his guilt].” The one who does all of it, but not the one who does part of it, and similarly, in all the labors of Shabbat we say that an individual who did it is liable; two who did it are exempt.

שתים שהן ארבע בחוץ – two from the Torah, taking out and carrying in for the poor person who stands outside in the public domain.

שהן ארבע – from their words (i.e., the Rabbis), they added two to prohibit ab initio, as this person uproots it and the other person sets it down.

פשט העני את ידו – and in it is a box or a basket that he receives in it loaves of bread from the owner of the house, and for this reason, [the Mishnah] took hold of the language of הוצאה /removal in the language of the poor person and the rich person, for it incidentally comes to teach us that a commandment that comes through a transgression is prohibited and they are liable upon it.

ונתן לתוך ידו של בעל הבית – that he performs uprooting from the public domain and placement in the private domain.

או שנטל מתוכה והוציא – the object, and placed it in the public domain, and performed uprooting and placing down.

העני חייב – as he did complete work, for it is two from the Torah for the person standing outside, and even though we require uprooting from the place where he will be four handbreadths by four handbreadths and setting down in a place where he will be four-by-four [handbreadths] and there isn’t found there [that amount] for the hand of the poor person and the owner of the house, there isn’t there a place where there will be four-by-four [handbreadths] , we say in the Gemara (Talmud Shabbat 5a) that the hand of a person is considered as four-by-four [handbreadths], since it is made to place it down and to take from it objects and even many large ones.

ובעל הבית פטור – he (i.e., the owner of the house) is exempt and it is completely permitted, for he had not done anything.

פשט בעל הבית כו' בעל הבית חייב – for this is two from the Torah for the person who stands inside.

פשט העני כו' – for the poor person made an uprooting from the public domain.

ונטל בעל הבית מתוכה – and placed it inside, for the owner of the house did a placing down [of the object] in the private domain.

והוציא – the poor person [removed it] and placed it down in the public domain.

שניהם פטורים – for neither of them had done a complete [cycle] of work/labor. But it is prohibited to do this lest everyone come on his own to do a complete [cycle of] work on the Sabbath day. There are two [forms of work] “from their words” (i.e., from the Rabbis), one for the poor person outside and one for the owner of the house inside. But it is not considered two for each one of them, uprooting for the poor person and uprooting for owner of the house, placing down for the poor person and placing down for the owner of the house, because it is not considered other than uprooting [of things] which are the beginning of the work and there is a fear lest he complete it, but placing down, which is the end of the work, is not considered.

יציאות השבת. הוצאות שמרשות לרשות האמורות אצל שבת, והכנסות נמי קא קרי יציאות הואיל ומוציא מרשות לרשות. והאי דתני יציאות ולא תני הוצאות, לישנא דקרא נקט דכתיב (שמות ט״ז:כ״ט) אל יצא איש ממקומו, ומיניה דרשינן הוצאה, אל יצא איש עם הכלי שבידו ללקוט המן:

שתים שהן ארבע. שתים מן התורה, הוצאה והכנסה לבעל הבית העומד בפנים ברשות היחיד, ועל שתים אלו חייב על שגגתו חטאת, ועל זדונו כרת, ועל התראתו סקילה, כמו בכל שאר מלאכות של שבת:

שהן ד׳ מדבריהם הוסיפו שתים, לאסור לכתחלה היכא שהמלאכה נעשית ע״י שנים זה עוקר וזה מניח, דשנים שעשאוה פטורים, שנאמר (ויקרא ד׳:י״ג) בעשותה אחת מכל מצות ה׳, העושה את כולה ולא העושה מקצתה, וכן בכל מלאכות של שבת אמרינן יחיד שעשאה חייב, שנים שעשאוה פטורים:

ושתים שהן ארבע בחוץ. שתים מן התורה, הוצאה והכנסה לעני העומד בחוץ ברשות הרבים:

שהן ארבע. מדבריהם הוסיפו שתים לאסור לכתחלה, כשזה עוקר וזה מניח:

פשט העני את ידו. ובתוכה קופה או הסל שמקבל בו ככרות מבעל הבית. ולהכי נקט הוצאה בלשון עני ועשיר, דאגב אורחיה קמ״ל דמצוה הבאה בעבירה אסורה וחייבין עליה:

ונתן לתוך ידו של בעל הבית. דעביד ליה עקירה מרשות הרבים והנחה ברשות היחיד:

או שנטל מתוכה והוציא. החפץ, והניח ברשות הרבים, דעביד עקירה והנחה:

העני חייב. שעשה מלאכה שלימה. והרי שתים מן התורה לעומד בחוץ. ואע״ג דבעינן עקירה ממקום שיהיה בו ד׳ טפחים על ד״ט והנחה במקום שיהיה בו ד׳ על ד׳, וליכא, דיד העני ובעה״ב אין בה מקום שיהיה ד׳ על ד׳, אמרינן בגמ׳ דידו של אדם חשובה כד׳ על ד׳, כיון שהיא עשויה להניח בה וליטול ממנה חפצים ואפילו גדולים הרבה:

ובעה״ב פטור. פטור ומותר גמור, דהא לאו מידי עבד:

פשט בעל הבית כו׳ בעל הבית חייב. הרי שתים מן התורה לעומד בפנים:

פשט העני כו׳ דעביד העני עקירה מרשות הרבים:

ונטל בעל הבית מתוכה. והניח בפנים, ועביד ליה בעל הבית הנחה ברשות היחיד:

או שנתן לתוכה. דעביד ליה בעל הבית עקירה מרשות היחיד:

והוציא. העני והניח ברשות הרבים:

שניהם פטורים. שלא עשה שום אחד מהם מלאכה שלימה. אבל אסורים לעשות כן שמא יבואו כל אחד בפני עצמו לעשות מלאכה שלימה בשבת. הרי שתים מדבריהם, אחת לעני בחוץ ואחת לבעה״ב בפנים. והא דלא חשיב שנים לכל אחד, עקירה לעני ועקירה לבעל הבית, הנחה לעני והנחה לבעל הבית, משום דלא חשיב אלא עקירות שהן תחלת המלאכה ואיכא למיחש שמא יגמרנה, אבל הנחות שהן סוף המלאכה לא קחשיב: