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Today's Mishnah Yomi

Sanhedrin 4:4 - 4:5

The Mishnah Yomi for Monday, December 30, 2024 is Sanhedrin 4:4 - 4:5

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Sanhedrin Perek 4 Mishnah 4

סנהדרין פרק ד׳ משנה ד׳

4
And three rows of Torah scholars sit before the judges, and each and every one among those sitting recognizes his place, i.e., they are seated in accordance with their stature. When the court must ordain an additional judge, e.g., if a judge dies during the proceedings or in the case of a court without a decisive majority (see 40a), the court ordains the greatest Torah scholar from the first row. As a seat in the first row is now vacant, one Torah scholar from the second row comes to the first row, and one Torah scholar from the third row comes to the second row, and the court selects another Torah scholar from among the assembled and they seat him in the third row. And this Torah scholar who moves from the second row to the first row would not sit in the place of the first Torah scholar, who joined the court, rather, he would sit in the place appropriate for him, i.e., at the end of that row, in accordance with his stature.
וְשָׁלֹשׁ שׁוּרוֹת שֶׁל תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים יוֹשְׁבִין לִפְנֵיהֶם, כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מַכִּיר אֶת מְקוֹמוֹ. הָיוּ צְרִיכִין לִסְמֹךְ, סוֹמְכִין מִן הָרִאשׁוֹנָה. אֶחָד מִן הַשְּׁנִיָּה בָּא לוֹ לָרִאשׁוֹנָה וְאֶחָד מִן הַשְּׁלִישִׁית בָּא לוֹ לַשְּׁנִיָּה, וּבוֹרְרִין לָהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד מִן הַקָּהָל וּמוֹשִׁיבִין אוֹתוֹ בַשְּׁלִישִׁית. וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ שֶׁל רִאשׁוֹן, אֶלָּא יוֹשֵׁב בְּמָקוֹם הָרָאוּי לוֹ:
ד׳

ושלש שורות – and each row [consists] of twenty-three Sages, lest the judges should dispute and there would be a majority of those who declare guilty and a minority who acquit, and giving a verdict according to the majority of votes for evil cannot be by one, as it is written (Exodus 23:2): “You shall neither side with the mighty to do wrong…,” and you need to add two [judges] at a time, until [one reaches] seventy-one [total judges], for at no time does one add on to the [number of] judges to be more than seventy-one; therefore, one must place before them forty-eight to complete [the number] of seventy-one, and it is not the way of the world to make the rows of the students greater than that of the judges. Therefore, we make three rows.

וכל אחד מכיר את מקומו – according to the order of their wisdom we place them [in seats]; therefore, each one must know his place.

הוצרכו לסמוך – for example, if one of the judges died.

ולא היה יושב במקומו של ראשון – the one who was chosen from the community does not sit in the place of the first [judge], ut rather in the place that is appropriate for him at the end of the third row, for the least of the students who are in the row are greater than the best of the community.

ושלש שורות. וכל שורה של כ״ג ת״ח. שמא יחלקו הדיינים ויהיו רובן מחייבין ומיעוטן מזכין, והטיה לרעה אינה על פי אחד כדכתיב (שמות כ״ג:ב׳) לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות, וצריך להוסיף שנים שנים עד שבעים ואחד, שלעולם אין מוסיפין על הדיינים יותר משבעים ואחד, הלכך צריך להושיב לפניהם ארבעים ושמונה להשלמת שבעים ואחד. ולאו אורח ארעא לעשות שורות תלמידים מרובה משל דיינים, הלכך עבדינן שלש שורות:

וכל אחד מכיר את מקומו. לפי שכסדר חכמתם היו מושיבים אותם, לפיכך היה כל אחד צריך להכיר את מקומו:

הוצרכו לסמוך. כגון שמת אחד מן הדיינים:

ולא היה יושב במקומו של ראשון. ולא היה אותו שנברר מן הקהל יושב במקומו של ראשון, אלא במקום הראוי לו בסוף שורה השלישית. לפי שהקטן מן התלמידים שבשורות גדול מן הגדול שבקהל:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Sanhedrin Perek 4 Mishnah 5

סנהדרין פרק ד׳ משנה ה׳

5
How does the court intimidate the witnesses in giving testimony for cases of capital law? They would bring the witnesses in and intimidate them by saying to them: Perhaps what you say in your testimony is based on conjecture, or perhaps it is based on a rumor, perhaps it is testimony based on hearsay, e.g., you heard a witness testify to this in a different court, or perhaps it is based on the statement of a trusted person. Perhaps you do not know that ultimately we examine you with inquiry and interrogation, and if you are lying, your lie will be discovered. The court tells them: You should know that cases of capital law are not like cases of monetary law. In cases of monetary law, a person who testifies falsely, causing money to be given to the wrong party, can give the money to the proper owner and his sin is atoned for. In cases of capital law, if one testifies falsely, the blood of the accused and the blood of his offspring that he did not merit to produce are ascribed to the witness’s testimony until eternity. The proof for this is as we found with Cain, who killed his brother, as it is stated concerning him: “The voice of your brother’s blood [demei] cries out to Me from the ground” (Genesis 4:10). The verse does not state: Your brother’s blood [dam], in the singular, but rather: “Your brother’s blood [demei],” in the plural. This serves to teach that the loss of both his brother’s blood and the blood of his brother’s offspring are ascribed to Cain. The mishna notes: Alternatively, the phrase “your brother’s blood [demei],” written in the plural, teaches that that his blood was not gathered in one place but was splattered on the trees and on the stones. The court tells the witnesses: Therefore, Adam the first man was created alone, to teach you that with regard to anyone who destroys one soul from the Jewish people, i.e., kills one Jew, the verse ascribes him blame as if he destroyed an entire world, as Adam was one person, from whom the population of an entire world came forth. And conversely, anyone who sustains one soul from the Jewish people, the verse ascribes him credit as if he sustained an entire world. The mishna cites another reason Adam the first man was created alone: And this was done due to the importance of maintaining peace among people, so that one person will not say to another: My father, i.e., progenitor, is greater than your father. And it was also so that the heretics who believe in multiple gods will not say: There are many authorities in Heaven, and each created a different person. And this serves to tell of the greatness of the Holy One, Blessed be He, as when a person stamps several coins with one seal, they are all similar to each other. But the supreme King of kings, the Holy One, Blessed be He, stamped all people with the seal of Adam the first man, as all of them are his offspring, and not one of them is similar to another. Therefore, since all humanity descends from one person, each and every person is obligated to say: The world was created for me, as one person can be the source of all humanity, and recognize the significance of his actions. The court says to the witnesses: And perhaps you will say: Why would we want this trouble? Perhaps it would be better not to testify at all. But be aware, as is it not already stated: “And he being a witness, whether he has seen or known, if he does not utter it, then he shall bear his iniquity” (Leviticus 5:1)? It is a transgression not to testify when one can do so. And perhaps you will say: Why would we want to be responsible for the blood of this person? But be aware, as is it not already stated: “When the wicked perish, there is song” (Proverbs 11:10)?
כֵּיצַד מְאַיְּמִין אֶת הָעֵדִים עַל עֵדֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, הָיוּ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתָן וּמְאַיְּמִין עֲלֵיהֶן. שֶׁמָּא תֹאמְרוּ מֵאֹמֶד, וּמִשְּׁמוּעָה, עֵד מִפִּי עֵד וּמִפִּי אָדָם נֶאֱמָן שָׁמַעְנוּ, אוֹ שֶׁמָּא אִי אַתֶּם יוֹדְעִין שֶׁסּוֹפֵנוּ לִבְדֹּק אֶתְכֶם בִּדְרִישָׁה וּבַחֲקִירָה. הֱווּ יוֹדְעִין שֶׁלֹּא כְדִינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת. דִּינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת, אָדָם נוֹתֵן מָמוֹן וּמִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ. דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, דָּמוֹ וְדַם זַרְעִיּוֹתָיו תְּלוּיִין בּוֹ עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְקַיִן שֶׁהָרַג אֶת אָחִיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ד) דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ צֹעֲקִים, אֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר דַּם אָחִיךָ אֶלָּא דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ, דָּמוֹ וְדַם זַרְעִיּוֹתָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ, שֶׁהָיָה דָמוֹ מֻשְׁלָךְ עַל הָעֵצִים וְעַל הָאֲבָנִים. לְפִיכָךְ נִבְרָא אָדָם יְחִידִי, לְלַמֶּדְךָ, שֶׁכָּל הַמְאַבֵּד נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ אִבֵּד עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וְכָל הַמְקַיֵּם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ קִיֵּם עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וּמִפְּנֵי שְׁלוֹם הַבְּרִיּוֹת, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ אַבָּא גָדוֹל מֵאָבִיךָ. וְשֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ מִינִין אוֹמְרִים, הַרְבֵּה רָשֻׁיּוֹת בַּשָּׁמָיִם. וּלְהַגִּיד גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁאָדָם טוֹבֵעַ כַּמָּה מַטְבְּעוֹת בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד וְכֻלָּן דּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה, וּמֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא טָבַע כָּל אָדָם בְּחוֹתָמוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶן דּוֹמֶה לַחֲבֵרוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד חַיָּב לוֹמַר, בִּשְׁבִילִי נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם. וְשֶׁמָּא תֹאמְרוּ מַה לָּנוּ וְלַצָּרָה הַזֹּאת, וַהֲלֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא ה) וְהוּא עֵד אוֹ רָאָה אוֹ יָדָע אִם לוֹא יַגִּיד וְגוֹ'. וְשֶׁמָּא תֹאמְרוּ מַה לָּנוּ לָחוּב בְּדָמוֹ שֶׁל זֶה, וַהֲלֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (משלי יא) וּבַאֲבֹד רְשָׁעִים רִנָּה:
ה׳

מאיימין על העדים – that they will not testify falsely

מאומד – that the opinion inclines that it is so.

דיני ממונות – if he testified to obligate this one for money which is not according to the law, we cause him return it (i.e., the money) and he is forgiven.

לפיכך נברא יחידי – to show you that from one person the fulness of the world is settled [by humans].

רשויות הרבה – There are many gods and each one created his own [world].

מה לנו ולצרה הזאת – to put our heads in this worrisome activity, and even on the truth.

והלא כבר נאמר הוא עד – and you are obligated to state what you have seen.

ושמא תאמרו מה לנו לחוב – to become liable for the blood of this one. It is more pleasant for us to stand without having to tell.

הרי הוא אומר ובאבוד רשעים רנה – and if he is wicked, there is no further transgression at all.

מאיימין על העדים. שלא יעידו שקר:

מאומד. שהדעת נוטה שהוא כן:

דיני ממונות. אם העיד לחייב לזה ממון שלא כדין, מחזירו לו ומתכפר:

לפיכך נברא יחידי. להראותך שמאדם אחד נתישב מלואו של עולם:

רשויות הרבה. אלהות הרבה יש וכל אחד ברא את שלו:

מה לנו ולצרה הזאת. להכניס ראשנו בדאגה זו ואפילו על האמת:

והלא כבר נאמר והוא עד. וחייבין אתם להגיד מה שראיתם:

ושמא תאמרו מה לנו לחוב. להיות מחוייבים בדמו של זה, נוח לנו לעמוד באם לא יגיד:

הרי הוא אומר ובאבוד רשעים רנה. ואם רשע הוא אין כאן עון כלל:

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