Mishnayos Eruchin Perek 2 Mishnah 2
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ערכין פרק ב׳ משנה ב׳
No fewer than four full thirty-day months may be established during the course of a year, and it did not seem appropriate to establish more than eight. The two loaves that are brought to the Temple on Shavuot are eaten by the priests not before the second and not after the third day from when they were baked. The shewbread is eaten not before the ninth day from when it was baked, which is the situation in a regular week when the bread is baked on Friday and eaten on the following Shabbat; and not after the eleventh day, when the two Festival days of Rosh HaShana occur on Thursday and Friday, as the shewbread is baked on Wednesday and not eaten until the following Shabbat. A minor boy is not circumcised before the eighth day after his birth and not after the twelfth day. Normally a newborn is circumcised on his eighth day. If he was born during twilight, which an uncertain period of day or night, he is circumcised on what would be the eighth day of his birth if he is was born at night, which is the ninth day if he was born during the day. If he was born during twilight on Shabbat eve, the circumcision cannot be performed on Friday, as he might have been born on Shabbat and therefore Friday is only the seventh day. And the circumcision cannot be on Shabbat, as perhaps he was born on Friday and only circumcision performed on the eighth day overrides Shabbat. Therefore, it is postponed until after Shabbat. If two days of Rosh HaShana occur on Sunday and Monday, the circumcision is postponed until Tuesday, the twelfth day after birth.
אֵין פּוֹחֲתִין מֵאַרְבָּעָה חֲדָשִׁים הַמְעֻבָּרִים בְּשָׁנָה, וְלֹא נִרְאֶה יָתֵר עַל שְׁמֹנָה. שְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם נֶאֱכָלוֹת אֵין פָּחוּת מִשְּׁנַיִם וְלֹא יָתֵר עַל שְׁלשָׁה. לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים נֶאֱכָל אֵין פָּחוּת מִתִּשְׁעָה וְלֹא יָתֵר עַל אַחַד עָשָׂר. קָטָן נִמּוֹל אֵין פָּחוּת מִשְּׁמֹנָה וְלֹא יָתֵר עַל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר:
Bartenura
אין פוחתים מארבעה חדשים מעוברות. של שלשה יום לשנה. דלא עבדינן טפי משמונה חסרים. אבל שמונה חסרים עבדינן:
ולא נראה יותר על שמונה. כלומר, ולא נראה לחכמים לעבר בשנה יותר על שמונה חדשים. שחדשה של לבנה כ״ט יום וחצי, ושתי ידות שעה, ושבעים ושלש חלקים, הרי לשני חדשים נ״ט ימים, חודש אחד מעשרים ותשעה, וחודש אחד משלשים יום. חודש של עשרים ותשעה הוא חסר, וחודש של שלשים קרוי מלא או מעובר. ובדין היה שיהיו כל חדשי השנה אחד מלא ואחד חסר, אלא מפני יתירות השתי ידות שעה ושבעים ושלש חלקים שיש בכל חודש וחודש, צריכים פעמים לעשות שמונה חדשים מחדשי השנה מלאים וארבעה חסרים, פעמים שמונה חסרים וארבעה מלאים:
אין פחות משנים. ליום שני לאפייתן:
ולא יותר על שלשה. ויום שלישי לאפייתן נאכלין, ותו לא. כיצד, חל יום טוב של עצרת באחד בשבת, נאפות בערב שבת, שאין אפייתן דוחה לא שבת ולא יום טוב, ונאכלות ביום טוב לאחר תנופתן, דהיינו ליום שלישי. וכשחל עצרת בשאר ימי שבוע, נאפות בערב יום טוב ונאכלות ביו״ט שהוא שני לאפייתן:
לחם הפנים נאכל אין פחות מתשעה. שהוא נאפה בערב שבת ונאכל לשבת אחרת שהוא יום תשיעי לאפייתו. חלו שני ימים טובים של ראש השנה להיות בחמישי בשבת וששי בשבת, אופין לחם הפנים ברביעי בשבת, ומסדרים אותו על השלחן. בשבת, ונאכל לשבת שניה שהוא יום אחד עשר לאפייתו:
ולא יתר על שנים עשר. כיצד, נולד בין השמשות של ערב שבת, אינו נמול בשבת, דשמא תשיעי הוא. דבין השמשות ספק יום ספק לילה, ואם יום הוא נמצא שבת יום תשיעי, ומילה שלא בזמנה אינה דוחה לא את השבת ולא את יום טוב. ואם חלו שני ימים טובים של ראש השנה אחר אותה שבת, אינו נמול עד יום שלישי שהוא שנים עשר ללידתו:
אין פוחתין מארבעה חדשים מעוברות – of thirty days for the year. For we don’t make more than eight months as defective/deficient (i.e., that they have only 29 days). But eight deficient ones we make [in the calendar].
ולא נראה יותר על שמונה – meaning to say, and it doesn’t appear to the Sages to complement a month by assigning to it an additional day for more than eight months. For the “renewal” of the moon (i.e., the time that the moon takes to go around the planet earth between each beginning of the moon’s first quarter) is twenty-nine and one-half days and two-thirds of an hour and seventy-three parts (i.e., 793/1080 parts). For every two months has fifty-nine days, one month from twenty-nine days and one month from thirty days. The month of twenty-nine [days] is defective/deficient, and the month of thirty [days] is called full or “pregnant.” And according to law, it was that all of the months of the year, one would be “full,” and the other would be “deficient,” but because of the difference of the two-thirds by an hour and seventy-three parts, that there are in each and every month, sometimes, it is necessary to make eight months from the year as full and four deficient, and sometimes eight months are deficient and four are full/complete.
אין פחות משנים – to the second day of their being baked.
ולא יותר על שלשה – and on the third day of their being baked, they are consumed, but not beyond that. How so? If the Festival of Atzeret/Shavuot occurs on Sunday, they are baked on Friday, for their baking does not supersede neither the Sabbath nor the Festival, and they are consumed after they are waved, that is, on the third day. But when Atzeret/Shavuot occurs on the rest of the days of the week, they are baked on the eve of the Festival and consumed on the Festival which is the second [day] from their being baked.
לחם פנים נאכל אין פחות מתשעה – which is baked on the Eve of the Sabbath (i.e., Friday) and eaten on the next Sabbath which is nine days from their being baked. If the two Festival days of Rosh Hashanah occur on Thursday and Friday of that week, they bake the shewbread on the Wednesday of that week, and arrange it on the table on Shabbat, but it is eaten on the second Shabbat which is the eleventh day from their having been baked.
ולא יותר על שנים עשר – How so? If a male child is born at twilight of the Eve of the Sabbath (i.e., late afternoon on Friday just prior to the onset of the Sabbath), he is not circumcised on the Sabbath (of the next week), for perhaps it might be the ninth day (instead of the eighth day). For the twilight period is doubtfully day and doubtfully night. But if it is day, it would mean that the Sabbath is the ninth day, but circumcision that is not at its appropriate time does not supersede either the Sabbath or the Festival Dy. But if the two Festival Days of Rosh Hashanah occurred after that Sabbath, he is not circumcised until Tuesday, which is twelve days from his birth.