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Mishnayos Bechoros Perek 1 Mishnah 7

בכורות פרק א׳ משנה ז׳

7

If one did not wish to redeem the firstborn donkey, he breaks its neck from behind and buries it. The mitzva of redeeming the firstborn donkey takes precedence over the mitzva of breaking the neck, as it is stated: “If you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck” (Exodus 13:13). The mishna proceeds to enumerate other mitzvot in which one option takes precedence over another. The mitzva of designating a Hebrew maidservant to be betrothed to her master takes precedence over the mitzva of redeeming the maidservant from her master with money, as it is stated: “If she does not please her master, who has not betrothed her to himself, then he shall let her be redeemed” (Exodus 21:8). The mitzva of levirate marriage takes precedence over the mitzva of ḥalitza, which dissolves the levirate bond, as it is stated: “And if the man does not wish to take his brother’s wife” (Deuteronomy 25:7). The mishna adds: This was the case initially, when people would intend that their performance of levirate marriage be for the sake of the mitzva. But now that they do not intend that their performance of levirate marriage be for the sake of the mitzva, but rather for reasons such as the beauty of the yevama or for financial gain, the Sages said that the mitzva of ḥalitza takes precedence over the mitzva of levirate marriage. With regard to a non-kosher animal that was consecrated to the Temple, the mitzva of redemption by the owner who consecrated it takes precedence over redemption by any other person, as it is stated: “And if it is of a non-kosher animal…and if it is not redeemed, it shall be sold according to your valuation” (Leviticus 27:27).

לֹא רָצָה לִפְדּוֹתוֹ, עוֹרְפוֹ בְקוֹפִיץ מֵאַחֲרָיו וְקוֹבְרוֹ. מִצְוַת פְּדִיָּה קוֹדֶמֶת לְמִצְוַת עֲרִיפָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יג), וְאִם לֹא תִפְדֶּה וַעֲרַפְתּוֹ. מִצְוַת יְעִידָה קוֹדֶמֶת לְמִצְוַת פְּדִיָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם כא), אֲשֶׁר לֹא יְעָדָהּ וְהֶפְדָּהּ. מִצְוַת יִבּוּם קוֹדֶמֶת לְמִצְוַת חֲלִיצָה, בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, שֶׁהָיוּ מִתְכַּוְּנִין לְשֵׁם מִצְוָה. וְעַכְשָׁיו שֶׁאֵין מִתְכַּוְּנִין לְשֵׁם מִצְוָה, אָמְרוּ מִצְוַת חֲלִיצָה קוֹדֶמֶת לְמִצְוַת יִבּוּם. מִצְוַת גְּאֻלָּה בָּאָדוֹן הוּא קוֹדֵם לְכָל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כז), וְאִם לֹא יִגָּאֵל וְנִמְכַּר בְּעֶרְכֶּךְ:

ז׳
Bartenura

קופיץ (hatchet) – a large knife like a small ax that the butchers cut with it the meat.

ועורפו – that is that he cuts off its head from the border of the neck.

וקוברו – because it is prohibited to derive benefit after breaking the neck [of the heifer].

מצות יעידה – regarding a Hebrew maidservant.

בראשונה שהיו מתכוונים לשם מצוה – and they (i.e., the Sages) would say the dead husband’s brother (brother-in-law who marries his wife) , for the sake of beauty, for the sake of money, they would come in contact with illicit sexual behavior that was not in the place [of the fulfillment] of the commandment [of levirate marriage]. But this is not the Halakha, but rather since the prohibition of marrying the wife of one’s brother has no effect from her, when his brother died without children, behold, she is completely permitted to him, and even a sister-in-law (i.e., widow of a brother who died without issue) for the sake of beauty or for the sake of money.

מצות גאולה באדון – who decides by lottery the donation of an animal to the Temple treasury, the commandment of its redemption is by the owner prior to all individuals, because he adds the one-fifth.

קופיץ. סכין גדול כמין גרזן קטן שהקצבים מחתכים בו בשר:

ועורפו. היינו שחותך ראשו ממול ערפו:

וקוברו. לפי שאסור בהנאה לאחר עריפה:

מצות יעידה. באמה העבריה:

בראשונה שהיו מתכוונים לשם מצוה. והיו אומרים המיבם לשם נוי לשם ממון הוי פוגע בערוה שלא במקום מצוה. ואין כן הלכה, אלא הואיל ופקע איסור אשת אח מינה כשמת אחיו בלא בנים הרי הותרה לו לגמרי ואפילו יבמה לשם נוי ולשם ממון:

מצות גאולה באדון. המתפיס בהמה לבדק הבית, מצות פדייתה באדון קודם לכל אדם, שהוא מוסיף את החומש: