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Today's Mishnah Yomi

Oholos 16:2 - 16:3

The Mishnah Yomi for Sunday, November 8, 2026 is Oholos 16:2 - 16:3

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Oholos Perek 16 Mishnah 2

ืื”ืœื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜"ื– ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืณ

2
How so? A spindle stuck into the wall, with [a portion of corpse] of half an olive-size above it and [a portion of corpse] of half an olive-size below it. Even though one [portion] is not directly [above] the other, [the spindle] becomes unclean. Hence it is found that [a movable object] conveys uncleanness to come upon itself whatever its thickness. A pot seller passes by a grave with a yoke over his shoulder, one end of which overshadows a grave, vessels on the other side remain clean. If the yoke is one handbreadth wide, they become unclean. Mounds which are near to a city or to a road, whether they are new or old, are unclean. [As for those that are] far away, new ones are clean but old ones are unclean. What counts as near? Fifty cubits. And old? Sixty years old, the words of Rabbi Meir. R. Judah says: Near means there is none nearer than it, and old means that no one remembers [when it was made].
ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“. ื›ึผื•ึผืฉื ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืชึธื—ื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึนืชึถืœ, ื›ึผึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ืžึดืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื›ึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ืžึตืขึทืœ ื’ึผึทื‘ึผึธื™ื•, ืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืžึฐื›ึปื•ึผึธื ึดื™ืŸ, ื˜ึธืžึตื. ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื˜ึผึปืžึฐืึธื” ืœึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื. ื”ึทืงึผึทื“ึผึธืจ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึทืœ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึฐืชึตืคื•ึน ื•ึฐื”ึถืึฑื”ึดื™ืœ ืฆึดื“ึผื•ึน ืึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืงึผึถื‘ึถืจ, ื”ึทื›ึผึตืœึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฆึผึทื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ื˜ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ืŸ. ืึดื ื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืกึผึทืœ ืคึผื•ึนืชึตื—ึท ื˜ึถืคึทื—, ื˜ึฐืžึตืึดื™ื. ื”ึทืชึผึฐืœื•ึผืœึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐืจื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึธืขึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ, ืึถื—ึธื“ ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึนืช, ื˜ึฐืžึตืื•ึนืช. ื”ึธืจึฐื—ื•ึนืงื•ึนืช, ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื˜ึฐื”ื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื•ึดื™ืฉืึธื ื•ึนืช ื˜ึฐืžึตืื•ึนืช. ืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ื”ึดื™ื ืงึฐืจื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ืึทืžึผึธื”. ื•ึดื™ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืžึตืึดื™ืจ. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืงึฐืจื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืงึฐืจื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื”. ื•ึดื™ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืึธื“ึธื ื–ื•ึนื›ึฐืจึธื”ึผ:
ื‘ืณ

ื›ื•ืฉ (reed used a spindle) โ€“ a spindle that women spin on. And even though they are flat wooden vessels, it is susceptible to receive Levitical defilement, because of the metal hook/curved pin that is fixed in it.

ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ืŸ (even though they are not directly opposite one another)- for two halves of an oliveโ€™s bulk [of a corpse] are not directly opposite each other.

ื˜ืžื โ€“ the spindle. That it brings the defilement upon itself with any amount.

ื”ืงื“ืจ โ€“ who sells pots.

ื•ื”ืกืœ โ€“ the balancing pole/staff that he carries the pots. And in the Tractate Kelim (Chapter 17, Mishnah 16) they call it an ืื™ืกืœ /pole or yoke carried on two, or more commonly, one shoulder and it is taught in the Mishnah there: "ื”ืื™ืกืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืช"/a carrying yoke in which there is a (hidden) receptacle for money.

ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืชื— ื˜ืคื— โ€“ it brings the defilement on the pots that are underneath it to the second side where they are suspended on it (i.e., the yoke).

ื”ืชืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช (the mounds) โ€“ it is the language of a ืชืœ/a hill.

ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ โ€“ that are adjacent/near to the cemetery.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืจืš โ€“ that is near the cemetery.

ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉื ื•ืช โ€“ because that the women bury their non-viable births, that up to fifty cubits a woman goes alone and buries her non-viable birth. But the ones far away, a woman doesnโ€™t go alone to bury [the non-viable birth] on the mound/hill, and since she needed a man that would go with her, she goes to the cemetery but doesnโ€™t bury on the hill. And that which we defile the old ones and even the far-off ones, for we are concerned lest the near ones were from their beginnings and the city was destroyed and the matter would be forgotten.

ื•ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื•' โ€“ And the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yehuda.

ื›ื•ืฉ. ืคืœืš ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื•ืืขืดื’ ื“ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืœื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฆื ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•:

ืืขืดืค ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ืŸ. ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”:

ื˜ืžื. ื”ื›ื•ืฉ. ื“ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื:

ื”ืงื“ืจ. ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืจื•ืช:

ื•ื”ืกืœ. ื”ืžื•ื˜ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื”ื• ืื™ืกืœ, ื“ืชื ืŸ ื”ืชื [ืคืจืง ื™ืดื– ืžืฉื ื” ื˜ืดื–] ื”ืื™ืกืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืช:

ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืœ ืคื•ืชื— ื˜ืคื—. ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•:

ื”ืชืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืœ:

ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ. ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช:

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืจืš. ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช:

ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ืžืื•ืช. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื ืคืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื“ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืืžื” ืื–ืœื ืืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื“ื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื ื”ื ืคืœ ืฉืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื ืื–ืœื ืœื—ื•ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืœืš ืขืžื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชืœ. ื•ื”ื ื“ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืŸ ืฉืžื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืœืชืŸ ื•ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื ืฉืชื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:

ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Oholos Perek 16 Mishnah 3

ืื”ืœื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜"ื– ืžืฉื ื” ื’ืณ

3
If one finds a corpse unexpectedly lying in its natural position, he may remove it along with the [blood-] saturated earth around it. If he finds two, he may remove them along with the [blood-] saturated earth around it. If he finds three, if there is a space of from four to eight cubits between the first and the last, that is, the space of a bier and its bearers, then it must be accounted a graveyard. He must search [the ground] for twenty cubits from that point. If he found [another corpse] at the end of those twenty cubits, he must search for a further twenty cubits from that place, since there are already grounds for belief [that this is a graveyard], in spite of the fact that if he had found this [lone grave] in the first case, he could have removed it with the [blood-] saturated earth around it.
ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืฆึตื ืžึตืช ื‘ึผึทืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื” ืžึปืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื‘ ื›ึผึฐื“ึทืจึฐื›ึผื•ึน, ื ื•ึนื˜ึฐืœื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ืชึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึธืชื•ึน. ืžึธืฆึธื ืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื, ื ื•ึนื˜ึฐืœึธืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืช ืชึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึธืชึธืŸ. ืžึธืฆึธื ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึธื”, ืึดื ื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ืœึธื–ึถื” ืžึตืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืฉืึฐืžึนื ึถื” ื›ึผึดืžึฐืœึนื ืžึดื˜ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืงื•ึนื‘ึฐืจึถื™ื”ึธ, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื–ื•ึน ืฉืึฐื›ื•ึผื ึทืช ืงึฐื‘ึธืจื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผื•ึนื“ึตืง ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืœึผึธืŸ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึทืžึผึธื”. ืžึธืฆึธื ืึถื—ึธื“ ื‘ึผึฐืกื•ึนืฃ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึทืžึผึธื”, ื‘ึผื•ึนื“ึตืง ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืœึผึธืŸ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึทืžึผึธื”, ืฉืึถืจึทื’ึฐืœึทื™ึดื ืœึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ. ืฉืึถืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืžึดืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื” ืžึฐืฆึธืื•ึน, ื ื•ึนื˜ึฐืœื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ืชึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึธืชื•ึน:
ื’ืณ

ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื” โ€“ for it was not known that there was a graveyard there, and this what we say in the Gemara in [Tractate] Nazir [folio 64b]: "ื”ืžื•ืฆื"/He who finds a corpse, but not that it was accessible; dead, excluding one that was killed, for a killed person has no ground which is pressed by a body in the grave (and which is considered the dead personโ€™s property) and he lacked a neighborhood of graves, and this is what is derived.

ืžื•ืฉื›ื‘ โ€“ and not that he was sitting.

ื›ื“ืจื›ื• โ€“ and not that his head was lying between his thighs. For all of these, we are concerned/worried lest they are heathens, for it is not manner of Israelites to bury their dead as such.

ื ื•ื˜ืœื• ื•ืืช ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• (if one finds in his field a body in the usual position of a buried man, the first time, he may remove it with the ground which it occupies โ€“ for burial in another place) โ€“ it is permissible to remove him from there and to bury him in another place. And he must take from the dust of the grave with him, the ground which is pressed by the body in the grave (and which is considered the dead manโ€™s property), which is all the crushed, loose earth that is underneath him, and he digs in virgin earth three fingerbreadths as it is written (Genesis 47:30): โ€œ[When I lie down with my fathers,] take me up from Egypt and bury me in their burial-place,โ€ for he didnโ€™t need to say, โ€œfrom Egyptโ€, but rather, this is what he said: โ€œfrom the dust of Egypt take with me.โ€ But Maimonides had the reading "ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื•"/his ground that is pressed by a body in a grave (as opposed to the reading in the Mishnah"ืชื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ"/their ground that is pressed by a body in a grave, the dust that is mixed from blood and the moisture/secretion of the corpse. It is the language of (Ezekiel 16:6): โ€œ[When I passed by you] and saw your wallowing in your blood, [I said to you: โ€˜live in spite of your blood.โ€™].โ€

ืžืฆื ืฉืœืฉื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืžืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” โ€“ meaning to say, from the first grave until the third, there is no less than four cubits and not more than eight [cubits].

ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช (behold, this is a graveyard) โ€“ and it is recognized that to there burial is provided to them there, and it is prohibited to remove them, for they have acquired their place. And even,one corpse if it is known that to there burial was given to him, it is forbidden to remove him. But that for one or two we suspend [this view] that they were not buried there other than on a temporary basis and it was their intention to have them removed, but with three, it is proven that this is a special place for burials. And the length of the cave is its manner to be six [cubits] long and four [cubits] wide with a diagonal line of the surplus of two cubits which is eight. And because of this, it is taught [in our Mishnah]: โ€œfrom four cubits and until eight.โ€

ื›ืžืœื•ื ืžื˜ื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื” โ€“ we donโ€™t have this reading here.

ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” โ€“ that the cave is four cubits wide by six in length, and the courtyard and the caves are open to him from here and from there, six [cubits] by six [cubits], for this is what the Rabbis hold in [Tractate] Bava Batra, in the chapter: "ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช" /He who sells fruit (Chapter 6) [folio 101a, see also the Gemara on folio 102a], it is found that the length of two caves and a courtyard that is between them is eighteen cubits, and because that sometimes they dig one cave in a diagonal, and the diagonal of a cave has a surplus on its square of two cubits, they are found to be twenty cubits, eighteen of the first cave with a diagonal and six [cubits] of the courtyard that is between the two caves and six [cubits] of the second cave, for one diagonal we have stated, two diagonals we have not stated. And that is what is taught [in the Mishnah] regarding twenty. And further one needs to check from above and below twenty cubits, and that is forty cubits, for perhaps this is a cave that is in the eastern part of the courtyard and there still another [cave] that is opposite on the western side of the courtyard; alternatively, this one is on the western side of the courtyard and there is still another on the eastern part of the courtyard.

ืžืฆื ืžืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื”ื™ืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” โ€“ for who would say that from this cemetery there is this cave, perhaps there is another cave and another courtyard of another person, and one must also make to there all of the examinations mentioned above, for just as there is a grave there, just like this, there are others.

ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ after that is found already in this field a graveyard.

ืฉืื™ืœื• ืžื—ืœื” ืžืฆืื• โ€“ for this grave prior to his having found the first three, he removes it and its soil that it occupies, as it is taught in the first clause of the Mishnah: "ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื›ื•' ื ื•ื˜ืœื• ื•ืืช ืชืคื•ืกืชื•"/a person finds a corpse in first instance, he removes it and the soil that is with it.

ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื”. ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืจ. ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื ื–ื™ืจ [ื“ืฃ ืกืดื“] ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™. ืžืช, ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ืจื•ื’, ื“ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืžื™ืจื™ ืœื”.

ืžื•ืฉื›ื‘. ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘:

ื›ื“ืจื›ื•. ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉื• ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื•. ื“ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื• ืฉืžื ื ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื™ื ื›ืš:

ื ื•ื˜ืœื• ื•ืืช ืชืคื•ืกืชื•. ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชื• ืžืฉื ื•ืœืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืขืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืคืจ ืชื™ื—ื•ื— ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืฉืœืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืดื–:ืœืณ) ื•ื ืฉืืชื ื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืจืชื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ, ืžืขืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืžื™. ื•ืจืžื‘ืดื ื’ืจื™ืก ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื•, ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืžื“ื ื•ืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ืš (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื˜ืดื–):

ืžืฆื ืฉืœืฉื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืžืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื”:

ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื•ื ืฉื, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชื, ื“ืงื ื• ืžืงื•ืžื. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืช ืื—ื“ ืื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื•ื”ื• ืฉื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชื•. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื ื• ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉื ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื ืœืคื ื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืขืจื” ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืืจื‘ืข ื•ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืชื ืŸ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื”:

ื›ืžืœื•ื ืžื˜ื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืœื ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ืœื” ื”ื›ื:

ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”. ืฉื”ืžืขืจื” ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ืื•ืจืš, ื•ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื• ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืฉ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ, ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื”ื• ืœืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืคืจืง ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื“ืฃ ืงืดื), ื ืžืฆื ืื•ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืขืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื”, ื•ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื” ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื ื™ ืืžื•ืช, ื ืžืฆืื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืžืขืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืฉ ื“ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืฉ ื“ืžืขืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ื“ื—ื“ ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืชืจื™ ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืงืชื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื”, ื“ืฉืžื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื” ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ืื™ ื ืžื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื—ืฆืจ:

ืžืฆื ืžืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื”ื™ืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”. ื“ืžื™ ื™ื™ืžืจ ื“ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื”, ืฉืžื ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ืฆืจ ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืœืฉื ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ืœืขื™ืœ, ื“ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืงื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื:

ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช:

ืฉืื™ืœื• ืžืชื—ืœื” ืžืฆืื•. ืœืงื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžืฆื ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœื• ื•ืืช ืชืคื•ืกืชื•, ื›ื“ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื›ื•ืณ ื ื•ื˜ืœื• ื•ืืช ืชืคื•ืกืชื•:

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