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Today's Mishnah Yomi

Kiddushin 4:1 - 4:2

The Mishnah Yomi for Thursday, August 1, 2024 is Kiddushin 4:1 - 4:2

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Kiddushin Perek 4 Mishnah 1

קידושין פרק ד׳ משנה א׳

1
There were ten categories of lineage, with varying restrictions on marriage, among the Jews who ascended from Babylonia to Eretz Yisrael with Ezra before the building of the Second Temple. They are as follows: Priests; Levites; Israelites; priests disqualified due to flawed lineage [ḥalalim]; converts, and emancipated slaves; mamzerim; Gibeonites, i.e., the descendants of the Gibeonites who converted in the time of Joshua; children of unknown paternity [shetuki]; and foundlings. The mishna proceeds to detail their halakhot: With regard to priests, Levites, and Israelites, it is permitted for men and women in these categories to marry one another. With regard to Levites who are not priests, Israelites, ḥalalim, converts, and emancipated slaves, it is permitted for men and women in these categories to marry one another. With regard to converts, and emancipated slaves, mamzerim, and Gibeonites, children of unknown paternity [shetuki], and foundlings, it is permitted for all of the men and women in these categories to marry one another.
עֲשָׂרָה יוֹחֲסִין עָלוּ מִבָּבֶל, כַּהֲנֵי, לְוִיֵּי, יִשְׂרְאֵלֵי, חֲלָלֵי, גֵּרֵי, וַחֲרוּרֵי, מַמְזֵרֵי, נְתִינֵי, שְׁתוּקֵי, וַאֲסוּפֵי. כַּהֲנֵי, לְוִיֵּי וְיִשְׂרְאֵלֵי, מֻתָּרִים לָבֹא זֶה בָזֶה. לְוִיֵּי, יִשְׂרְאֵלֵי, חֲלָלֵי, גֵּרֵי וַחֲרוּרֵי, מֻתָּרִים לָבֹא זֶה בָזֶה. גֵּרֵי וַחֲרוּרֵי, מַמְזֵרֵי וּנְתִינֵי שְׁתוּקֵי וַאֲסוּפֵי, כֻּלָּם מֻתָּרִין לָבֹא זֶה בָזֶה:
א׳

עשרה יוחסין עלו מבבל – that Ezra set aside all of the ineligibles who were in Babylonia and they were brought up with him, in order that she shouldn’t be mixed with traced genealogies, because there was no Jewish court there.

חללי – Kohanim who were born from those who had been ineligible for the priesthood, such as a widow [married to] to a High Priest or a divorcee, the female issue of a Kohen’s illegitimate connection (or a Kohen’s wife illegitimately married to him), and/or a harlot to a common Kohen.

חרורי – freed slaves.

נתיני – Gibeonites who were circumcised in the days of Joshua, and were prohibited from marrying into the community [but would serve as water drawers and hewers of wood].

שתוקי ואסופי – we will explain them further on (Mishnah 2).

גיורי וחרורי ממזרין כו' כולם מותרים לבא זה בזה – for a community of converts is not considered a community, and Mamzerim are not warned about that they should not enter the community of converts, but Levites, and Israelites cannot [marry] with a Mamzer. And the illegitimate child of unknown fatherhood and the foundling, whose father and mother are unknown, are doubtful Mamzerim (i.e., illegitimate) and are permitted to be mixed with certain Mamzerim, for we say that into a clear congregation he may not enter, but into a doubtful congregation he may enter.

עשרה יוחסין עלו מבבל. שהפריש עזרא כל הפסולים שהיו בבבל והוליכן עמו, כדי שלא יתערבו עם המיוחסין, מאחר שאין שם ב״ד:

חללי. כהנים שנולדו מן הפסולות לכהונה, כגון אלמנה לכהן גדול, גרושה חללה זונה לכהן הדיוט:

חרורי. עבדים משוחררים:

נתיני. גבעונים שמלו בימי יהושע, ונאסרו לבא בקהל:

שתוקי ואסופי. מפרש להו ואזיל:

גיורי וחרורי ממזרין כו׳ כולם מותרין לבא זה בזה. דקהל גרים לא אקרי קהל, ולא הוזהרו ממזרים לבא בקהל גרים. אבל לויי וישראלי בממזרי לא. ושתוקי ואסופי ספק ממזרים הם ומותרין להתערב בממזר ודאי, דאמרינן בקהל ודאי הוא דלא יבא, הא בקהל ספק יבא:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Kiddushin Perek 4 Mishnah 2

קידושין פרק ד׳ משנה ב׳

2
And these are the last two categories: A shetuki is any person who knows the identity of his mother but does not know the identity of his father. A foundling is anyone who was collected from the marketplace and doesn’t know the identity of his parents, neither that of his father nor that of his mother. These two categories are people whose status is uncertain; they may be mamzerim. Abba Shaul would call a shetuki by the label of beduki.
וְאֵלּוּ הֵם שְׁתוּקֵי, כֹּל שֶׁהוּא מַכִּיר אֶת אִמּוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מַכִּיר אֶת אָבִיו. אֲסוּפֵי, כֹּל שֶׁנֶּאֱסַף מִן הַשּׁוּק וְאֵינוֹ מַכִּיר לֹא אָבִיו וְלֹא אִמּוֹ. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל הָיָה קוֹרֵא לִשְׁתוּקֵי, בְּדוּקֵי:
ב׳

שתוקי. כל שהוא מכיר את אמו – that he calls, “Daddy,” but his mother silences him.

בדוקי – that they examine the mother. If she said that she was impregnated by an appropriate individual, the child is appropriate. And the Halakha is according to Abba Shaul.

שתוקי, כל שהוא מכיר את אמו. שקורא אבא, ואמו משתקתו:

בדוקי. שבודקין את אמו. אם אמרה לכשר נבעלתי, הולד כשר. והלכה כאבא שאול:

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