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Today's Mishnah Yomi

Bava Metzia 5:5 - 5:6

The Mishnah Yomi for Thursday, October 10, 2024 is Bava Metzia 5:5 - 5:6

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Bava Metzia Perek 5 Mishnah 5

בבא מציעא פרק ה׳ משנה ה׳

5
One may appraise a cow or a donkey or any item that generates revenue while it eats and give it to another to feed it and take care of it in exchange for one-half the profits, with the one who cares for the animal benefiting from the profits it generates during the period in which he raises it. Afterward, they divide the profit that accrues due to appreciation in the value of the animal and due to the offspring it produces. In a place where it is customary to divide the offspring immediately upon their birth, they divide them, and in a place where it is customary for the one who cared for the mother to raise the offspring for an additional period of time before dividing them, he shall raise them. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: One may appraise a calf together with its mother or a foal with its mother even though these young animals do not generate revenue while they eat. The costs of raising the young animal need not be considered. And one may inflate [umafriz] the rental fee paid for his field, and he need not be concerned with regard to the prohibition of interest, as the Gemara will explain.
שָׁמִין פָּרָה וַחֲמוֹר וְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל לְמֶחֱצָה. מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לַחֲלֹק אֶת הַוְּלָדוֹת מִיָּד, חוֹלְקִין, מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְגַדֵּל, יְגַדֵּלוּ. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, שָׁמִין עֵגֶל עִם אִמּוֹ וּסְיָח עִם אִמּוֹ. וּמַפְרִיז עַל שָׂדֵהוּ, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ מִשּׁוּם רִבִּית:
ה׳

שמין פרה – a large [cow] or a large donkey, which are worthy for labor, and their work is all for the recipient [of their labor].

למחצה – to divide the profit that they earn, in money and offspring

לחלוק את הולדות מיד – when the time arrives for their division, which for a small animal is thirty days and for a large animal fifty days.

שמין עגל עם עמו – and it is not necessary to give work and food to a calf but rather [only] to the mother. But the Halakha is not according to Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel.

ומפרין על שדהו – the language of “being fruitful and multiplying,” and there are those who read this as ומפריז with the letter “zayin” (instead of a final “nun”), in the language of (Zechariah 2:8): “Jerusalem shall be peopled as a city [without walls, so many shall be the men and cattle it contains],” that is to say, extend his field. And this is what he would tell him [the tenant on a fixed rent payable in kind to the landlord]: “You are accustomed to take your field in stipulated rent for ten Kors per year; lend me two hundred zuz that I can spend to manure this field, to sow it and to plough it and I will increase the stipulated rent to twelve Kors per year and I will return your monies” – this is permitted because it is as if he does more business him through these two Kors because he rents from him a good and praiseworthy field that his rental is better than the rental of a bad field.

שמין פרה. גדולה, וחמור גדול. שראויין למלאכה, ומלאכתן כולה למקבל:

למחצה. לחלוק שבח שישביחו, בדמים ובולדות:

לחלוק את הולדות מיד. כשתבוא שעת חלוקתן, בבהמה דקה שלשים יום ובגסה חמישים יום:

שמין עגל עם אמו. ואין צריך ליתן עמל ומזון לעגל אלא לאם. ואין הלכה כרבן שמעון בן גמליאל:

ומפרין על שדהו. לשון פרה ורבה. ואית דגרסי ומפריז, בזיי״ן. לשון פרזות תשב ירושלים (זכריה ב׳:ח׳). כלומר מרחיב על שדהו. והוא שיאמר לו [חוכר למחכיר] אתה רגיל ליקח בחבירות שדך עשרה כורין לשנה, הלויני מאתים זוז שאוכל להוציא לזבל שדה זו ולזרעה ולחרשה ואני מעלה לך בחכירותה י״ב כורים לשנה ואחזיר לך מעותיך, זה מותר, דהוי כאילו מעדיף לו שני כורים הללו מפני שחוכר ממנו שדה טובה ומשובחת שחכירותה יפה מחכירות שדה רעה:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Bava Metzia Perek 5 Mishnah 6

בבא מציעא פרק ה׳ משנה ו׳

6
One may not accept from a Jew sheep to raise or other items to care for as a guaranteed investment, in which the terms of the transaction dictate that the one accepting the item takes upon himself complete responsibility to repay its value in the event of depreciation or loss, but receives only part of the profit. This is because it is a loan, as the principal is fixed and always returned to the owner, and any additional sum the owner receives is interest. But one may accept a guaranteed investment from gentiles, as there is no prohibition of interest in transactions with them. And one may borrow money from them and one may lend money to them with interest. And similarly, with regard to a gentile who resides in Eretz Yisrael and observes the seven Noahide mitzvot [ger toshav], one may borrow money from him with interest and lend money to him with interest, since he is not a Jew. Also, a Jew may serve as a middleman and lend a gentile’s money to another Jew with the knowledge of the gentile, but not with the knowledge of a Jew, i.e., the middleman himself, as the Gemara will explain.
אֵין מְקַבְּלִין צֹאן בַּרְזֶל מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא רִבִּית. אֲבָל מְקַבְּלִין צֹאן בַּרְזֶל מִן הַנָּכְרִים, וְלֹוִין מֵהֶן וּמַלְוִין אוֹתָן בְּרִבִּית, וְכֵן בְּגֵר תּוֹשָׁב. מַלְוֶה יִשְׂרָאֵל מְעוֹתָיו שֶׁל נָכְרִי מִדַּעַת הַנָּכְרִי, אֲבָל לֹא מִדַּעַת יִשְׂרָאֵל:
ו׳

אין מקבלין צאן ברזל – all mortgaged property (or property which may be resorted to in case of non – payment) are upon the receiver, and he placed upon them (i.e., the property) his resources, and all the time that he (i.e., the borrower) does not give him his monies, they divide the profit/wages. And even though this is an extraneous Mishnah, for it is taught in the Mishnah above (Mishnah 4), that they do not set up a storekeeper for half the profit because he receives on it one-half with loss, all the more so, here, when he receives all the mortgaged property upon it. They took it (i.e., the language) because of the concluding section of the Mishnah: “but they do accept a flock on ‘iron terms’ from the heathens.

מדעת הנכרי – such as the case where an Israelite borrowed money from a heathen at interest and he requested to return them to him. He found another Israelite and said: give them to me and I will credit you (see Bava Metzia 69b) in the manner that you credit him (as compensation). If he restored them (i.e., the monies) to the heathen, even though an Israelite gives them to him at the command of a heathen, it is permitted, but if he didn’t restore them to the heathen, it is forbidden, for he has lent him [money] at interest.

אין מקבלין צאן ברזל. כל אחריות הנכסים על המקבל, ושם אותם עליו במעות, וכל זמן שאין נותן לו מעותיו חולקים השכר. ואע״ג דמשנה יתירה היא, דהא תנא ליה לעיל אין מושיבים חנוני למחצית שכר משום דמקבל עליה פלגא בהפסד, וכל שכן הכא דקבל כל האחריות עליו. נקט ליה משום סיפא. אבל מקבלים צאן ברזל מן הנכרים:

מדעת הנכרי. כגון ישראל שלוה מעות מנכרי ברבית וביקש להחזירם לו, מצאו ישראל אחר ואמר תנם לי ואני אעלה לך בדרך שאתה מעלה לו. אם העמידו אצל נכרי, אע״פ שישראל נותנם לו במצות הנכרי, מותר. ואם לא העמידו אצל נכרי, אסור. דהוא ניהו דקא מוזיף ליה בריבית:

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