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Sanhedrin 3:8 - 4:1

The Mishnah Yomi for Saturday, December 28, 2024 is Sanhedrin 3:8 - 4:1

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Sanhedrin Perek 3 Mishnah 8

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื’ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ื—ืณ

8
Any time one of the litigants brings additional proof, he can overturn the verdict that was decided according to previous proofs. If one litigant said to the other: Bring all the proofs that you have from now until thirty days from now, if he found additional proof within thirty days, he can overturn the verdict. If he found it after thirty days, he cannot overturn the verdict anymore. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: He can still overturn the verdict, as what should this litigant, who sought and did not find additional proof within thirty days but found it after thirty days, have done? In a case where one litigant said to the other: Bring witnesses, and the latter said: I have no witnesses, and the former said to him: Bring a proof, and he said: I have no proof, and he later brought a proof or found witnesses, in this case, this proof or these witnesses are worth nothing. It is apparently a false proof or false testimony. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: What should this litigant, who did not know that he has witnesses and ultimately found witnesses, or who did not know that he has a proof and ultimately found proof, have done? Therefore, he can still overturn the verdict. If at the beginning of the discussion in the court one did not bring witnesses or other evidence for his claims, but then he saw that he was about to be deemed liable to pay in the judgment, and said: Bring so-and-so and so-and-so, and they will testify on my behalf, or he pulled out a proof from under his belt [pundato], even Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel holds that this is worth nothing. If there was truth in the testimony of these witnesses or in this proof, he would not have hidden it until now.
ื›ึผึธืœ ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืฉืึถืžึผึตื‘ึดื™ื ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื”, ืกื•ึนืชึตืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน, ื›ึผึธืœ ืจึฐืึธื™ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื™ึผึถืฉื ืœึฐืšึธ ื”ึธื‘ึตื ืžึดื›ึผึธืืŸ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื. ืžึธืฆึธื ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื, ืกื•ึนืชึตืจ. ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื, ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืกื•ึนืชึตืจ. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึธืŸ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื’ึผึทืžึฐืœึดื™ืึตืœ, ืžึทื” ื™ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื–ึถื” ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืžึธืฆึธื ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ื”ึธื‘ึตื ืขึตื“ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื™ ืขึตื“ึดื™ื, ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึธื‘ึตื ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื” ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื™ ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื”, ื•ึผืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ื–ึฐืžึธืŸ ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื” ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืขึตื“ึดื™ื, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื›ึฐืœื•ึผื. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึธืŸ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื’ึผึทืžึฐืœึดื™ืึตืœ, ืžึทื” ื™ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื–ึถื” ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืฉืึถื™ึผึถืฉื ืœื•ึน ืขึตื“ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืขึตื“ึดื™ื, ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืฉืึถื™ึผึถืฉื ืœื•ึน ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื” ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื”. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ื”ึธื‘ึตื ืขึตื“ึดื™ื, ืึธืžึทืจ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื™ ืขึตื“ึดื™ื, ื”ึธื‘ึตื ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื” ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื™ ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื”, ืจึธืึธื” ืฉืึถืžึผึดืชึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื‘ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืงึดืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืคึผึฐืœื•ึนื ึดื™ ื•ึผืคึฐืœื•ึนื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึดื™ื“ื•ึผื ึดื™, ืื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืจึฐืึธื™ึธื” ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืึฒืคึปื ึฐื“ึผึธืชื•ึน, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื›ึฐืœื•ึผื:
ื—ืณ
Bartenura

ื”ื‘ื ืจืื™ื” โ€“ document of innocence/acquittal

ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื โ€“ For behold he said, โ€œI donโ€™t have it.โ€ And we suspect that lest it is forged or he hired false witnesses.

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ โ€“ But the Halakha is not according to Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel.

ืงืจื‘ื• ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื•ื ื™ โ€“ In this, even Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel admits, that since he had known about them and said โ€œI donโ€™t have it.โ€ He is definitively a liar. But the person who claims that he has witnesses or proof abroad, we donโ€™t listen to him to delay the execution of capital punishment until he sends [for the materials that are] abroad. But we decide the law according to what we see from him right now. And when he brings witnesses or proof, we overturn the verdict and return and judge according to the witnesses or the proof that he brought.

ืืคื•ื ื“ืชื• โ€“ girding, wearing apparel for travelling; and there are those who explain it as clothing that is close to his skin.

ื”ื‘ื ืจืื™ื”. ืฉื˜ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช:

ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™. ื•ื—ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืŸ ืฉืžื ื–ื™ื™ืฃ. ืื• ืฉื›ืจ ืขื“ื™ ืฉืงืจ:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืฉื‘ืดื’:

ืงืจื‘ื• ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฉื‘ืดื’ ืžื•ื“ื”. ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™, ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืื• ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืœื— ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื, ืืœื ืคื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ืื• ืจืื™ื” ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื:

ืืคื•ื ื“ืชื•. ื—ื’ื•ืจืชื•. ื•ืื™ืช ื“ืžืคืจืฉื™ ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ืฉืจื•:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Sanhedrin Perek 4 Mishnah 1

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื“ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ืืณ

1
Both cases of monetary law and cases of capital law are equal with regard to the requirement for inquiry and interrogation of the witnesses, as it is stated: โ€œYou shall have one manner of lawโ€ (Leviticus 24:22), meaning that all legal procedures must be uniform. Having stated the essential similarity between the two, the mishna enumerates the differences between them. What are the differences between cases of monetary law and cases of capital law? Cases of monetary law are judged by a court of three judges, and cases of capital law are judged by a court of twenty-three judges. In cases of monetary law, the court opens the deliberations either with a claim to exempt the accused, or with a claim to find him liable. And in cases of capital law, the court opens the deliberations with a claim to acquit the accused, but it does not open the deliberations with a claim to find him liable. In cases of monetary law, the court directs, i.e., issues, the ruling based on a majority of one judge, either to exempt, or to find liable. But in cases of capital law, the court directs the judgment based on a majority of one judge to acquit and based on a majority of two judges to find liable. In cases of monetary law, the court brings the accused back to be judged again if new evidence arises, either with a claim to exempt the accused, or with a claim to find him liable. In cases of capital law, the court brings the accused back to be judged again with a claim to acquit him, but the court does not bring him back to be judged with a claim to find him liable. In cases of monetary law, all those present at the trial may teach a reason to exempt a litigant or to find him liable. In cases of capital law, all those present at the trial may teach a reason to acquit the accused, but not all present may teach a reason to find him liable. Only the judges can teach a reason to find him liable. In cases of monetary law, one who initially teaches a reason to find the accused liable may then teach a reason to exempt him, and one who initially teaches a reason to exempt him may then teach a reason to find him liable. In cases of capital law, one who initially teaches a reason to find him liable may then teach a reason to acquit, but one who initially teaches a reason to acquit may not return and teach a reason to find him liable. In cases of monetary law, the court judges during the daytime, and may conclude the deliberations and issue the ruling even at night. In cases of capital law, the court judges during the daytime, and concludes the deliberations and issues the ruling only in the daytime. In cases of monetary law, the court may conclude the deliberations and issue the ruling even on that same day, whether to exempt the accused or to find him liable. In cases of capital law, the court may conclude the deliberations and issue the ruling even on that same day to acquit the accused, but must wait until the following day to find him liable. Therefore, since capital cases might continue for two days, the court does not judge cases of capital law on certain days, neither on the eve of Shabbat nor the eve of a Festival.
ืึถื—ึธื“ ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช, ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐืจึดื™ืฉืึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืงึดื™ืจึธื”, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื“) ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื˜ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื. ืžึทื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืœึฐื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึธื”, ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึธื”. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืคึผื•ึนืชึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ืคึผื•ึนืชึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ึนืชึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืžึทื˜ึผึดื™ืŸ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ืžึทื˜ึผึดื™ืŸ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืžึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ืžึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืžึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืึตื™ืŸ ื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจ ื•ึผืœึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื“ึผึธื ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื”, ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื“ึผึธื ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื. ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื’ึผื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื“ึผึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื’ึผื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึดื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ืฉืึถืœึผึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึธื™ื• ืœึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ืึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผึธื ึดื™ืŸ ืœึนื ื‘ึฐืขึถืจึถื‘ ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึฐืขึถืจึถื‘ ื™ื•ึนื ื˜ื•ึนื‘:
ืืณ
Bartenura

ืื—ื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช โ€“ And regarding capital cases, it is written (Deuteronomy 13:15): โ€œ You shall investigate and inquire [and interrogate thoroughly]โ€ฆ,โ€ and this is the law of the Torah. But the Sages said that we do not lengthen in investigations and inquiries in monetary cases so that we donโ€™t shut the door before borrowers, other than if the Jewish court saw that the proceedings in court which bear evidences of fraudulent claims or statements (see Sanhedrin 32a). For investigations and inquiries are the question in its own accord, such as: โ€œhow much [money] did you lend him?โ€ and โ€œwhen did you lend him?โ€ and โ€œfor what purpose did you lend him?,โ€ and โ€œin what place did you lend him?โ€ But there is another type of question which is called examination and it is not related to the matter, such when they ask him: โ€œWhat was he wearing? Black utensils or what utensils? Was he standing or sitting at the time you lent him?

ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื โ€“ the give-and-take of the judgment case, whether for acquittal or for guilt.

ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ โ€“ they reverse the decision after they have completed the deliberations and knew that they had erred.

ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ that if one of he students said: โ€œI am able to argue about him that he is guilty,โ€ we do not listen to him.

ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” โ€“ As it is written (Exodus 18:22): โ€œLet them judge the people at all timesโ€ฆโ€ and it is written (Deuteronomy 21:16): โ€œWhen (i.e., โ€œon the dayโ€) he wills the property to his sons, [he may not treat as first-born the son of the loved one in regard of the son of the unloved one who was older].โ€ In what manner? The daytime is the beginning of the proceedings and the night time is the conclusion of the judgment.

ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื โ€“ As it is written (Numbers 25:4): โ€œ[The LORD said to Moses, โ€˜Take all the ringleaders] and have them publicly impaled before the LORD (i.e., during the sunlight), [so that the LORDโ€™s wrath may turn away from Israel.โ€™]โ€

ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ As Scripture states (Isaiah 1:21): โ€œ[Alas, she has become a harlot, the faithful city] that was filled with justice, where righteousness dwelt โ€“ [but now murderers].โ€

ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ as it will be found that the completion of the legal proceedings will be on Shabbat [proper] and to delay it until after Shabbat is impossible because of the delay in executing judgment [is illegal], and to judge him on that [selfsame] day is impossible, for the four forms of capital punishment do not override the Sabbath, as it says (Exodus 35:3): โ€œYou shall kindle no fire throughout your settlements on the sabbath day,โ€ it taught regarding those who were liable for burning, that we do not burn them on the Sabbath, and this same law applies to the other forms of capital punishment.

ืื—ื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื. ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืดื’:ื˜ืดื•) ื•ื“ืจืฉืช ื•ื—ืงืจืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืชื ืขื•ืœ ื“ืœืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืœื•ื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ืžื”. ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ืœื•ื”ื• ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ืœื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืืœื• ืœื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืœื•ื”ื•:

ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื. ืžืฉืื• ื•ืžืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื”:

ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ. ืกื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืžืจื•ื”ื• ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื˜ืขื•:

ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ืฉืื ืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื•:

ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ืดื—) ื•ืฉืคื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืดื) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื™ื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืœื’ืžืจ ื“ื™ืŸ:

ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืดื”) ื•ื”ื•ืงืข ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืณ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ:

ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื” (ื•ื›ื•ืณ) ื“ืืžืจ ืงืจื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืืณ) ืžืœืืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื“ืง ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”:

ืœืคื™ื›ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื ืžืฆื ื’ืžืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืดื“ ื“ื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืดื”) ืœื ืชื‘ืขืจื• ืืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื™ืžื“ ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืช:

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