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Today's Mishnah Yomi

Menachos 8:4 - 8:5

The Mishnah Yomi for Sunday, September 28, 2025 is Menachos 8:4 - 8:5

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Menachos Perek 8 Mishnah 4

ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื—ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ื“ืณ

4
There are three harvests of olives each year, and in each of them, three different grades of oils are produced. How is the first olive harvest processed? One picks the ripe olives at the top of the olive tree, as those are the first to ripen, and crushes them in a mortar and places them inside the bottom of a wicker basket that has many small holes in it. The oil will then drip from the olives through those holes into a vessel placed underneath the basket. Rabbi Yehuda says: One positions the olives on the walls, surrounding the basket. This produces more refined oil, as the dregs stick to the walls of the basket. This is the first grade of oil produced from the first harvest. After the oil ceases to seep from the crushed olives, one then presses down with a wooden beam upon them, causing additional oil to flow from the basket into the vessel. Rabbi Yehuda says: The excessive pressure produced by pressing down with a beam would cause some of the flesh of the olives to get mixed in with the oil, compromising its quality. Rather, one applies pressure by placing stones upon the olives. This is the second grade of oil. One then ground the olives with a millstone and pressed down with a beam on those olives to extract any remaining oil; this is the third grade of oil. The first grade is fit for kindling the Candelabrum, which requires: โ€œRefined olive oilโ€ (Leviticus 24:2), and the rest are fit for use in meal offerings. How is the second olive harvest processed? One picks the crop of olives that is accessible while one is standing on the rooftop. This was the second lot of olives to ripen. And one crushes it in a mortar and places those olives into a wicker basket, allowing the oil to drip through the holes into a vessel underneath. Rabbi Yehuda says: One positions the olives on the walls, surrounding the basket. This is the first grade of oil from the second harvest. One then presses down upon those olives with a wooden beam, thereby producing more oil. And Rabbi Yehuda says: One applies pressure only by placing stones upon them. This is the second grade of oil. One then ground the olives with a millstone and pressed down upon them with a beam, thereby extracting any remaining oil; this is the third grade of oil. The first grade is fit for kindling the Candelabrum, and the rest are fit for use in meal offerings. How is the third olive harvest processed? This harvest consists of all the olives that still remain on trees. One packs it into a vat [oteno] in the building that houses the olive press [beit habbad] where it remains until it softens, and then one raises it up to the roof and dries it on the rooftop to remove the foul-smelling liquid secreted from the olives while in the vat. Then, one crushes the olives in a mortar and places them into a wicker basket, allowing the oil to drip through the holes into a vessel underneath. Rabbi Yehuda says: One positions them on the walls, surrounding the basket. This is the first grade of oil. One then presses down on those olives with a wooden beam, thereby producing more oil. And Rabbi Yehuda says: One applies pressure only by placing stones upon them. This is the second grade of oil. One would then grind the olives with a millstone and press down upon them with a beam, thereby extracting any remaining oil; this is the third grade of oil. The first grade is fit for kindling the Candelabrum, and the rest are fit for use in meal offerings.
ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึธื” ื–ึตื™ืชึดื™ื, ื•ึผื‘ึธื”ึถืŸ ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึธื” ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึธื” ืฉืึฐืžึธื ึดื™ื. ื”ึทื–ึผึทื™ึดืช ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ืžึฐื’ึทืจึฐื’ึผึฐืจื•ึน ื‘ึฐืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึทื™ึดืช ื•ึฐื›ื•ึนืชึตืฉื ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทืกึผึทืœ. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืกึผึทืœ. ื–ึถื” ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ. ื˜ึธืขึทืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืจึธื”, ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ื‘ึผึทืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื. ื–ึถื” ืฉืึตื ึดื™. ื—ึธื–ึทืจ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื—ึทืŸ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืขึทืŸ, ื–ึถื” ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™. ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืœึทืžึผึฐื ื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืœึทืžึผึฐื ึธื—ื•ึนืช. ื”ึทื–ึผึทื™ึดืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ืžึฐื’ึทืจึฐื’ึผึฐืจื•ึน ื‘ึฐืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทื’ึผึทื’, ื•ึฐื›ื•ึนืชึตืฉื ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทืกึผึทืœ. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืกึผึทืœ, ื–ึถื” ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ. ื˜ึธืขึทืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืจึธื”, ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ื‘ึผึทืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื, ื–ึถื” ืฉืึตื ึดื™. ื—ึธื–ึทืจ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื—ึทืŸ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืขึทืŸ, ื–ึถื” ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™. ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืœึทืžึผึฐื ื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืœึทืžึผึฐื ึธื—ื•ึนืช. ื”ึทื–ึผึทื™ึดืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™, ืขื•ึนื˜ึฐื ื•ึน ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืœึฐืงึถื”, ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืœึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึน ื‘ึฐืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทื’ึผึทื’, ื•ึฐื›ื•ึนืชึตืฉื ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทืกึผึทืœ. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืกึผึทืœ, ื–ึถื” ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ. ื˜ึธืขึทืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืจึธื”, ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ื‘ึผึทืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื, ื–ึถื” ืฉืึตื ึดื™. ื—ึธื–ึทืจ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื—ึทืŸ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืขึทืŸ, ื–ึถื” ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™. ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืœึทืžึผึฐื ื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืœึทืžึผึฐื ึธื—ื•ึนืช:
ื“ืณ

ืฉืœืฉื” ื–ื™ืชื™ื โ€“ three times during the year they harvest/prepare the olives. And in them there are three oils, and each time there are three kinds of oil.

ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ the first time that they harvest/prepare [the olives].

ืžื’ืจื’ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ื™ืช โ€“ he harvests the berries that are at the top of the olive/tree, for they ripen first because the sun shines upon them and ripens them.

ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœ โ€“ he refines them and [the oil] comes up and there is a utensil underneath the basked to receive the oil.

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœ โ€“ he places the olives and the oil flows through the walls and falls into the rim of the basket and from there he refines it and goes up and it is found to be refined . For the refuse that remains is attached on to the walls of the basket. But he soul dot place them on the rim at the bottom of the basket, because they get combined with the oil and the sediment/lees and it is found that the oil is turbid. But the oil that flows from itself without any assistance rendered in loading up is called the first oil of the first olive.

ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืจื” โ€“ the olives that are in the basket.

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื โ€“ but not with a beam, for the beam is heaven and it removes the sediment/lees.

ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื˜ื—ืŸ โ€“ with a millstone, those olives that are under the beam and the beam presses them.

ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืจื” โ€“ that we require pure olive oil (see Leviticus 24:2).

ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื ื—ื•ืช โ€“ for it is not written with them that it is pure [olive oil].

ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ the second time when he harvests that which is found that are ripened now.

ืžื’ืจื’ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื’ โ€“ he harvests the berries that are near the roof, for their olives were near their rooves, and those ripen second.

ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ that went out prior to the pressing [of the beam] are fit/appropriate for the Menorah.

ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ โ€“ when he harvests the third time, they donโ€™t ripen sufficiently all the way, for they are branches that are under the roof where the sun does not reach them.

ืขื•ื˜ื ื• (packs in an a vat preparatory to crushing) โ€“ the language of vat or pit where olives ar e packed until they form a viscid mass, and it is the indentation/hole where they place the olives in order that they can grow moldy/decay there, and the language is Biblical (Job 21:24): โ€œHis pails are full of milk; [the marrow of his bones is juicy].โ€

ืฉื™ืœืงื” โ€“ that it will grow moldy/decay.

ื•ืžื ื’ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื’ โ€“ because it is collected/piled up and gathered in one place for four or five days, it (i.e., the oil) flows on its own, there is a thin secretion and it is not pleasant, therefore it is necessary to dry them off.

ืฉืœืฉื” ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ืฉืœืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืŸ:

ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืœืงื˜:

ืžื’ืจื’ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ื™ืช. ืžืœืงื˜ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืชื—ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœืชืŸ:

ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœ. ื•ืžืกืชื ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžืŸ:

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœ. ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื‘ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืœ ื•ืžืฉื ืžืกืชื ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื–ื•ืงืง. ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ืฉืืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืชื ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืฉืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžืŸ ืขื›ื•ืจ. ื•ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื‘ ืžืืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:

ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืจื”. ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืœ:

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ืœื ื‘ืงื•ืจื”. ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžืจื™ื:

ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื˜ื—ืŸ. ื‘ืจื—ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื”, ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื—ืดื› ื”ืงื•ืจื”:

ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืจื”. ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื–ืš:

ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื ื—ื•ืช. ื“ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื• ื–ืš:

ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™. ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืฉืžืœืงื˜ ืืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืชื”:

ืžื’ืจื’ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื’. ืžืœืงื˜ ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื’. ืฉื–ื™ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื’ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”:

ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืฉื™ืฆื ืงื•ื“ื ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืจื”:

ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืฉืžืชืœืงื˜ ืคืขื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืžื” ืžื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื:

ืขื•ื˜ื ื•. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืžื ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืขืคืฉื• ืฉื. ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื, ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื• ืžืœืื• ื—ืœื‘ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืดื:ื›ืดื“):

ืฉื™ืœืงื”. ืฉื™ืชืขืคืฉ:

ื•ืžื ื’ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื’. ื“ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื‘ ืžืืœื™ื• ืžื•ื”ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ืคื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื’ื‘ื•:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Menachos Perek 8 Mishnah 5

ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื—ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืณ

5
Having enumerated the nine grades of oils in the previous mishna, this mishna proceeds to rank them by their quality: As for the first grade of oil that is produced from the first harvest, there is none superior to it. The second grade of oil that is produced from the first harvest and the first grade of oil that is produced from the second harvest are of equal quality; there is no reason to choose one over the other. The third grade of oil that is produced from the first harvest and the second grade of oil that is produced from the second harvest and the first grade of oil that is produced from the third harvest are of equal quality. The third grade of oil that is produced from the second harvest and the second grade of oil that is produced from the third harvest are of equal quality. As for the third grade of oil that is produced from the third harvest, there is none inferior to it. Also, with regard to all the meal offerings, it was logical that they should require the highest quality of refined olive oil, just like the Candelabrum. Because if the Candelabrum, whose oil is not to be consumed on the altar, requires refined olive oil, then meal offerings, which are to be consumed on the altar, is it not logical that they should require refined olive oil? To dispel this notion, the verse states: โ€œRefined pounded olive oil for illuminationโ€ (Leviticus 24:2), which indicates that the high-quality, refined, pounded oil is required for the Candelabrum, but there is no need for refined pounded olive oil for meal offerings.
ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ. ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™, ืฉืึธื•ึดื™ืŸ. ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™, ืฉืึธื•ึดื™ืŸ. ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™, ืฉืึธื•ึดื™ืŸ. ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™, ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ. ืึทืฃ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื ึธื—ื•ึนืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื˜ึผึธืขึฒื ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืžึถืŸ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ื–ึทืšึฐ. ืžึธื” ืึดื ื”ึทืžึผึฐื ื•ึนืจึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืœึทืึฒื›ึดื™ืœึธื”, ื˜ึฐืขื•ึผื ึธื” ืฉืึถืžึถืŸ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ื–ึทืšึฐ, ื”ึทืžึผึฐื ึธื—ื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ืœึทืึฒื›ึดื™ืœึธื”, ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื“ึดื™ืŸ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื˜ึผึธืขึฒื ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืžึถืŸ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ื–ึทืšึฐ. ืชึผึทืœึฐืžื•ึผื“ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื–), ื–ึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึธืชึดื™ืช ืœึทืžึผึธืื•ึนืจ, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื–ึทืšึฐ ื›ึผึธืชึดื™ืช ืœึทืžึผึฐื ึธื—ื•ึนืช:
ื”ืณ

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืœืื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ืชื ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืœืžื ื—ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงืืžืจ. ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงื™ื™ืดืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ืš, ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ, ืงื ืžืฉืžืข ืœืŸ ื”ืฉืชื ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื ื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืžืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™, ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ืชื• ืžืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ:

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