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Temurah 2:3 - 3:1

The Mishnah Yomi for Sunday, February 1, 2026 is Temurah 2:3 - 3:1

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Mishnah 1

Mishnayos Temurah Perek 2 Mishnah 3

ืชืžื•ืจื” ืคืจืง ื‘ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ื’ืณ

3
There is greater stringency with regard to sacrificial animals than there is with regard to a substitute, and greater stringency with regard to a substitute than there is with regard to sacrificial animals. The Mishna explains: There is greater stringency with regard to sacrificial animals than there is with regard to a substitute, as sacrificial animals render a non-sacred animal exchanged for them a substitute, but a substitute does not render a non-sacred animal exchanged for it a substitute. Furthermore, the community and the partners consecrate animals as offerings, but they do not substitute non-sacred animals for their offerings. And one consecrates fetuses in utero and one can consecrate an animalโ€™s limbs, but one cannot substitute non-sacred animals for them. There is greater stringency with regard to a substitute than there is with regard to sacrificial animals, as, if one substituted a non-sacred blemished animal for an unblemished sacrificial animal, then the animal with a permanent blemish is imbued with inherent sanctity, which is not the case with regard to consecration. And in addition, those blemished animals consecrated through substitution do not emerge from their consecrated status to assume non-sacred status by means of redemption, in terms of it being permitted to shear its wool and to perform labor with it. Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says that there is an additional stringency that applies to substitution but not to consecration: The Torah rendered the status of one who acts unwittingly like that of one who acts intentionally with regard to substitution, as in both cases the substitute is consecrated. But it did not render the status of one who acts unwittingly like that of one who acts intentionally with regard to consecrated items, since unwitting consecration is ineffective. Rabbi Elazar says: An animal crossbred from diverse kinds, and a tereifa, and an animal born by caesarean section, and a tumtum animal, and a hermaphrodite animal are not sacred through consecration, and if they were sacred beforehand, e.g., one consecrated an animal and it subsequently became a tereifa, they do not sanctify non-sacred animals by means of substitution.
ื—ึนืžึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืงึธื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืžึดื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื” ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืงึธื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื. ืฉืึถื”ึทืงึผึณื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึดื™ื ืชึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื” ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืชึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื” ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึธื” ืชึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื”. ื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึปืชึผึธืคึดื™ืŸ ืžึทืงึฐื“ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืœึนื ืžึฐืžึดื™ืจึดื™ื. ื•ึผืžึทืงึฐื“ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ืึตื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึปื‘ึผึธืจึดื™ื, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืœึนื ืžึฐืžึดื™ืจึดื™ื. ื—ึนืžึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื”, ืฉืึถื”ึทืงึผึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึธื” ื—ึธืœึธื” ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึทืช ืžื•ึผื ืงึธื‘ื•ึผืขึท, ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื™ื•ึนืฆึฐืึธื” ืœึฐื—ึปืœึผึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึดื’ึผึธื–ึตื– ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึตืขึธื‘ึตื“. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืกึตื™ ื‘ึผึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืฉืื•ึนื’ึตื’ ื›ึผึฐืžึตื–ึดื™ื“ ื‘ึผึทืชึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืฉืื•ึนื’ึตื’ ื›ึผึฐืžึตื–ึดื™ื“ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึปืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึดื™ื. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ื”ึทื›ึผึดืœึฐืึทื™ึดื, ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผึฐืจึตืคึธื”, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืฆึตื ื“ึนืคึถืŸ, ื˜ึปืžึฐื˜ื•ึผื, ื•ึฐืึทื ึฐื“ึผึฐืจื•ึนื’ึดื™ื ื•ึนืก, ืœึนื ืงึฐื“ึตืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึทืงึฐื“ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื:
ื’ืณ

ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจื” โ€“ the All-Merciful (i.e., God), said: (Leviticus 27:10): โ€œ[the thing vowed] and its substitute [shall both be holy],โ€ but not the substitute of the substitute.

ืื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืžืจื™ื โ€“ for it is written (Leviticus 27:10): โ€œ[if one does substitute] one animal for another/ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” โ€ (see Tractate Temurah, Chapter 1, Mishnah 3).

ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข (for a permanent blemish)(see Tractate Temurah, Chapter 1, Mishnah 2) - that if he substituted an unconsecrated animal with a blemish for an pure sanctified animal, a greater holiness devolves upon it that if he would redeem it, it would go to an unconsecrated state to be sheared and/or labor but rather, according to the laws of Holy Things, that since its sanctification preceded its blemish, that when they redeem them, there is no permission for shearing and working it but rather only a permission of eating, which is not the case with Holy Things, for if their blemish preceded their sanctification, they go out to an unconsecrated state through redemption to be sheared and to labor. But regarding substitution/exchange, Scripture reveals (Leviticus 27:10): โ€œ[One My not exchange] or substitute another for it, either good for bad, or bad for good,โ€ it did not distinguish between a pure animal and one with a blemish.

ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื›ืžื–ื™ื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” โ€“ for if he thought to say, โ€œa black bullock that went out of from my house first will be the exchange in place of that,โ€ and it came out of his lips, โ€œa white bullock,โ€ regarding exchange/substitution, it is sanctified, and he is flogged, for Scripture reveals concerning this (Leviticus 27:10): โ€œ[the thing vowed and its substitute] shall both be holy;โ€ for the altar it is not sanctified and he is not flogged, for an errant sanctification is not sanctified.

ื”ื›ืœืื™ื โ€“ (a cross-bred beast) - that comes from a he-goat and a sheep/ewe.

ืœื ืงื“ืฉื™ื (are not made holy) โ€“ through substitution/exchange. But even though that its holiness occurs in its exchange/substitution [of an animal] with a permanent blemish, it does not occur on these (i.e., cross-bred beasts, a torn animal, one born from the side, a beast lacking clear-cut sexual characteristics and one that has both male and female characteristics).

ื•ืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื (and do not impart [to a substitute] the status of holiness) โ€“ other things through substitution/exchange, if hey are holy. But something torn is found that it is holy, as for example, if he sanctified an animal and afterwards it became torn, and in this, it was necessary to state that even though it is holy, it does not impart the status of substitute. But mixed-bred animals and beasts lacking clear-cut sexual characteristics and one that has both male and female characteristics , from the beginning of their creation, they have been ruined , and you cannot find sanctity in them other than with the offspring of Holy Things, for their mother was sanctified before she was impregnated, for now of their own they are holy, for they are from the womb of their mother, and through them it was necessary to state that they donโ€™t impart the status of substitute. But according to Rabbi Yehuda who stated that in the rest of the offspring, holy things do impart the status of substitute. But they are not similar to a defect, for [an animal] with a defect there is a sacrifice for its kind, but those which are not of its kind have no sacrifice and they are considered like an impure animal that does not impart the status of substitute. But we hold like Rabbi Yossi the son of Rabbi Eliezer and like Rabbi Eleazar, for o one disputes them in this.

ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื“ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ืืžืจ ืจื—ืžื ื ื•ืœื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืชืžื•ืจืชื•:

ืื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืžื™ืจื™ื. ื“ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘:

ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืฉืื ื”ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ืคื“ื•ื” ืœื ืชืฆื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื–ื– ื•ืœื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื“ื ื”ืงื“ืฉืŸ ืืช ืžื•ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืคื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื™ื–ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืžืฉืืดื› ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ืงื“ื ืžื•ืžืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืดื™ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื–ื– ื•ืœื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื’ืœื™ ืงืจื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืข ืื• ืจืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืœื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื:

ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื›ืžื–ื™ื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”. ืฉืื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื–ื•, ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื’ื‘ื™ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื•ืงื”, ื“ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื›ืžื–ื™ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื ื ืœืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื”ื•ื, ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ืœื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื”, ื“ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืฉ:

ื”ื›ืœืื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ืžืชื™ืฉ ื•ืจื—ืœ:

ืœื ืงื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื•ืืขืดื’ ื“ืชืžื•ืจื” ื—ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืืœื•:

ื•ืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืื ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื. ื•ื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืžืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืื—ืดื› ื ื˜ืจืคื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืืขืดืค ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœืื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื•ื ื•ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืก, ืžืชื—ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชืŸ ื ืชืงืœืงืœื• ื•ืื™ ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืืœื ื‘ื•ืœื“ื™ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืงื“ืฉื” ืืžื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืชืขื‘ืจื”, ื“ื”ืฉืชื ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื“ื™ืจืš ืืžืŸ ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื•ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื•ืœื“ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื ื“ืžื• ืœื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื, ื“ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ืžืื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸ, ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืžืืŸ ื“ืคืœื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื:

Mishnah 2

Mishnayos Temurah Perek 3 Mishnah 1

ืชืžื•ืจื” ืคืจืง ื’ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ืืณ

1
These are the sacrificial animals for which the halakhic status of their offspring and substitutes is like their own halakhic status: The offspring of peace offerings, and their substitute animals, and even the offspring of their offspring or their substitute animals, and even the offspring of their offspring, until the end of all time [ad sof kol haโ€™olam]. They are all endowed with the sanctity and halakhic status of peace offerings, and therefore they require placing hands on the head of the animal, and libations, and the waving of the breast and the thigh in order to give them to the priest. Although the previous mishna stated plainly that the offspring of a peace offering is itself sacrificed as a peace offering, its status is actually subject to a dispute between the tannaโ€™im. Rabbi Eliezer says: The offspring of a peace offering is not sacrificed on the altar as a peace offering; rather it is sequestered and left to die. And the Rabbis say: It is sacrificed as a peace offering. Rabbi Shimon said: Rabbi Eliezer and the Rabbis do not disagree with regard to the status of the offspring of the offspring of a peace offering or with regard to the status of the offspring of the offspring of the substitute of a peace offering. In those cases, they all agree that the animal is not sacrificed on the altar as a peace offering. With regard to what case do they disagree? They disagree about the case of the offspring of a peace offering itself. Rabbi Eliezer says: It is not sacrificed as a peace offering, whereas the Rabbis say: It is sacrificed. Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Pappeyas testified about the offspring of a peace offering that it is sacrificed as a peace offering. Rabbi Pappeyas said: I testify that we ourselves had a cow that was a peace offering, and we ate it on Passover, and we ate its offspring as a peace offering on a different Festival.
ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืงึธื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึถื•ึผึทืœึฐื“ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื•ึผืชึฐืžื•ึผืจื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื›ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึธื”ึถืŸ. ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื, ื•ึผืชึฐืžื•ึผืจึธืชึธืŸ, ื•ึผื•ึฐืœึธื“ึธืŸ, ื•ึผื•ึฐืœึทื“ ื•ึฐืœึธื“ึธืŸ ืขึทื“ ืกื•ึนืฃ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื›ึดืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื, ื•ึผื˜ึฐืขื•ึผื ึดื™ื ืกึฐืžึดื™ื›ึธื” ื•ึผื ึฐืกึธื›ึดื™ื ื•ึผืชึฐื ื•ึผืคึธื” ื•ึฐื—ึธื–ึถื” ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนืง. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึฑืœึดื™ืขึถื–ึถืจ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื ืœึนื ื™ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื. ื•ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื, ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธื‘. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ, ืœึนื ื ึถื—ึฐืœึฐืงื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ืชึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื”, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืžึทื” ื ึผึถื—ึฐืœึฐืงื•ึผ, ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื•ึผึธืœึธื“, ืฉืึถืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึฑืœึดื™ืขึถื–ึถืจ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืœึนื ื™ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘, ื•ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื, ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธื‘. ื”ึตืขึดื™ื“ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึปืขึท ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืคึผึทืคึผึฐื™ึทืก ืขึทืœ ื•ึฐืœึทื“ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืคึผึทืคึผึฐื™ึทืก, ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึตืขึดื™ื“, ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืคึธืจึธื” ื–ึดื‘ึฐื—ึตื™ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื, ื•ึทืึฒื›ึทืœึฐื ื•ึผื”ึธ ื‘ึฐืคึถืกึทื—, ื•ึฐืึธื›ึทืœึฐื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึธื“ึธื”ึผ ืฉืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึถื—ึธื’:
ืืณ

ืืœื• ืงื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ in the Gemara (Tractate Temurah 17b), the objection is raised, since it taught [in the Mishnah], โ€œtheir offspringโ€ (i.e., their offspring and the substituteโ€™s offspring), why do I need, โ€œthe offspring of their offspring to infinity?โ€ Because our teacher/Tanna heard Rabbi Eliezer who said further on [in this Mishnah] that the offspring of peace-offerings are not offered as peace-offerings, because of this, the Tanna taught, โ€œthe offspring of their offspring to infinity,โ€ meaning to say, not only with their offspring do I not agree with you, (since for him, the young has the law of the mother), but even โ€œto infinity,โ€ I do not agree with you (since even then, the young has the law of the mother).

ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื™ื โ€“ but rather he brings it in to the vaulted chamber (i.e., closing the barn door without food until they died) and it dies [there]. According to the Rabbis, because of a decree, if you had said the offspring of peace-offerings have a remedy, one would come to delay to the mother until she would give birth and raise a herd from the the offspring, and they would come to have shearing and work.

ืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื โ€“ the Sages agree with Rabbi Eliezer that the offspring of offspring of peace-offerings that it should not be offered, for his intention was known from his actions that he needed to raise a herd/flock. But the legal decision is according to the first Tanna/teacher that the offspring of their offspring until eternity, they are like peace-offerings.

ื”ืขื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ื•' โ€“ and not according to Rabbi Eliezer. And this testimony is true and [the] Halakha.

ื•ืื›ืœื ื• ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ โ€“ it is stated on the holiday of Shavuot, for if he would wait and look forward to the holiday of Sukkot (which is the normal meaning of the word, ื—ื’ when used without a modifier), it is found that he would violate a positive commandment (Deuteronomy 12:5-6): โ€œthere you are to go, and here you are to bring [your burnt offerings and other sacrifices],โ€ that implies that on the first Festival that you go there, bring all of the votive offerings that are upon you. However, regarding the negative commandment (Deuteronomy 23:22): โ€œ[When you make a vow to the LORD your God,] do not put off fulfilling it, [for the LORD your God will require it of you, and you will have incurrent guilt],โ€ you do not violate until there has passed over you three Festivals.

ืืœื• ืงื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืคืจื™ืš, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื ื™ ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ, ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžื” ืœื™. ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืฉืžืขื™ื” ืชื ื ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืจืณ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื“ืืžืจ ืœืงืžืŸ ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืชื ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืžื™ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ืœืš, ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ืœืš:

ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืืœื ื›ื•ื ืกื• ืœื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืช. ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืžืฉื•ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื“ืื™ ืืžืจืช ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืงื ื”, ืืชื™ ืœืฉื”ื•ื™ื™ ืœืื ืขื“ ืฉืชืœื“ ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืืชื• ื‘ื”ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื–ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”:

ืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืจืณ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœืžื™ื ื“ืœื ื™ืงืจื‘, ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื“ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™. ื•ืคืกืง ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืชื ื ืงืžื ืฉื•ืœื“ (ื•ืœื“) ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ ืืœื• ื›ืฉืœืžื™ื:

ื”ืขื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื“ืœื ื›ืจืณ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื–ื” ืืžืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื”:

ื•ืื›ืœื ื• ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื’. ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืงืืžืจ, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืดื‘:ื”ืณ-ื•ืณ) ื•ื‘ืืช ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื ืฉืžื”, ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืฉืžื”, ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ืš. ืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืœืื• ื“ืœื ืชืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื:

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