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Mishnayos Brachos Perek 1 Mishnah 2

ברכות פרק א׳ משנה ב׳

2

From when does one recite Shema in the morning? From when a person can distinguish between sky-blue [tekhelet] and white.
Rabbi Eliezer says: From when one can distinguish between sky-blue and leek-green.
And one must finish reciting Shema until the end of the period when you rise, i.e., sunrise, when the sun begins to shine.
Rabbi Yehoshua says: One may recite the morning Shema until three hours of the day, which this is still considered when you rise, as that is the habit of kings to rise from their sleep at three hours of the day. While there is a set time frame for the recitation of Shema, one who recites Shema from that time onward loses nothing. Although he does not fulfill the mitzva of reciting of Shema at its appointed time, he is nevertheless considered like one who reads the Torah, and is rewarded accordingly.

מֵאֵימָתַי קוֹרִין אֶת שְׁמַע בְּשַׁחֲרִית. מִשֶּׁיַּכִּיר בֵּין תְּכֵלֶת לְלָבָן. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, בֵּין תְּכֵלֶת לְכַרְתִּי. וְגוֹמְרָהּ עַד הָנֵץ הַחַמָּה. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, עַד שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁעוֹת, שֶׁכֵּן דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי מְלָכִים לַעֲמֹד בְּשָׁלֹשׁ שָׁעוֹת. הַקּוֹרֵא מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ לֹא הִפְסִיד, כְּאָדָם הַקּוֹרֵא בַתּוֹרָה:

ב׳
Bartenura

בין תכלת ללבן – Between the threads of azure and the threads of white in the ritual fringes (of the Tallit. The Torah – Numbers 15:38 – commands that a “cord of blue” be attached to the fringe at each corner; these two colors – blue/azure and white – are sufficiently distinct from each other that one can with relative ease distinguish between people and objects). Another explanation: The sheering of wool whose color is azure/blue and (yet) there are places (in the wool) where the color was not absorbed [properly] and which remained white.

בין תכלת לכרתי – The color of the azure/blue is close to/resembles the color “leek-green” which is called “PORUSH” in a foreign language.

עד שלש שעות – In the day until the conclusion of the third hour, which is one-quarter of the day, at the time when [the length of] the days and the nights are equal. And always, the time for the Recitation of the [Morning] Shema is until the [end of the] first quarter of the day, whether the [length of the] days are long or short. And similarly, that which is taught [in the Mishnah] further on [in the fourth chapter of Berakhot, Mishnah 1], Tefillat HaShahar/The Amidah of the Morning Service is [recited] until the fourth hour of the day that is until one-third of the day, and the “four hours” that was used [by the Mishnah] is because it is one-third of the day – four hours at occasion when the [hours of] daylight and the [hours of] night time are equal. And every place in the Mishnah where it is mentioned “such and such hours” in the day – by this manner you must consider and adjudicate. This I understood from the commentaries of Maimonides that I have received. And the reason of Rabbi Yehoshua [ben Hananiah] who said, “until the third hour of the day” (Mishna Berakhot 4:1), is that it was the practice of royalty who did not rise from their beds until the end of the third hour [of the day], for as the All-Merciful One (God) who stated (Deuteronomy 6:7), “and when you get up”, until the time when all people get up from their beds, it is stated. And the Halakha/law is according to Rabbi Yehoshua. However, ab initio, one must have the intention to recite the [Morning] Shema with sunrise like the conscientious pious ones of former days would do.

לא הפסיד – that is to say, they did not lose out from reciting [the blessings] before and after [the Shema] but even though the time had passed [for its recitation], he recites [the Shema] and the blessings before it and after it.

כאדם הקרוא בתורה – Even though he did not fulfill his religious obligation of reciting the Shema at its appropriate time, he does receive the reward as one who reads [these verses] from the Torah.

בין תכלת ללבן. בין חוטי תכלת לחוטי לבן שבציצית. פירוש אחר, גיזת צמר שצבעה תכלת ויש בה מקומות שלא נקלט הצבע יפה ונשאר לבן:

בין תכלת לכרתי. צבע התכלת קרוב לגוון של כרתי כרישין שקורין פורוש בלע״ז:

עד שלש שעות. ביום, עד סוף שעה שלישית שהוא רביע היום בזמן שהימים והלילות שוים. ולעולם זמן קריאת שמע הוא עד רביע היום בין שהימים ארוכים בין קצרים. וכן הא דתנן לקמן [פ״ד מ״א] תפלת השחר עד ארבע שעות ביום, היינו עד שליש היום, וארבע שעות דנקט, לפי ששליש היום הוא ארבע שעות בזמן שהימים והלילות שוין. וכל מקום שנזכר במשנה כך וכך שעות ביום, על דרך זה אתה צריך לחשוב ולדון. זו הבנתי מפירושי הרמב״ם ונתקבל לי. וטעמא דרבי יהושע דאמר עד שלש שעות ביום, שכן דרך בני מלכים שאין עומדין ממטתן עד סוף שעה שלישית. ורחמנא דאמר ובקומך, עד שעה שכל בני אדם עומדים ממטתן קאמר והלכה כרבי יהושע, ומיהו לכתחלה צריך לכוין לקרות ק״ש עם הנץ החמה כמו שהיו הותיקים עושים:

לא הפסיד. כלומר לא הפסיד מלברך לפניה ולאחריה, אלא אע״פ שעברה עונתה קורא ומברך לפניה ולאחריה:

כאדם הקורא בתורה. אע״פ שלא יצא ידי חובת ק״ש בעונתה, יש לו קבול שכר כקורא בתורה: