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יבמות י״א:ז׳ - י״ב:א׳

The Mishnah Yomi for Thursday, January 16, 2020 is יבמות י״א:ז׳ - י״ב:א׳

＜ היום הקודםהיוםלמחרת ＞

משנה א

Mishnayos Yevamos Perek 11 Mishnah 7

יבמות פרק י"א משנה ז׳

7
If one of his two uncertain fathers was an Israelite and one was a priest, he may marry only a woman fit to marry a priest, due to the possibility that he is a priest. And he may not become ritually impure with impurity imparted by a corpse because he might be a priest. But if he became impure, he does not receive the forty lashes, as he might be a non-priest. Likewise, he does not partake of teruma, in case he is a non-priest. However, if he ate teruma he does not pay the principal and the additional fifth, as he might be a priest. And he does not receive teruma at the granary. However, he may sell the teruma of his own produce and the money is his. It cannot be taken away from him due to the uncertainty with regard to his status. And he does not receive a share of the sacred of the consecrated offerings, and one may not give him the consecrated offerings to sacrifice. However, the hides of his own offerings may not be appropriated from his possession. And he is exempt from giving a priest the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw of his non-consecrated animals. And the firstling of his animal should graze until it becomes unfit to be sacrificed because it gets a blemish. And in general, we place upon him the stringencies of priests and the stringencies of Israelites. If both uncertain fathers were priests, then if they die he is in a state of acute mourning over each of them, in case the deceased is his father. And if he dies, they are both in a state of acute mourning over him, as one of them is his father. He may not become ritually impure to bury them, as each one may not be his relative, and they may not become ritually impure to bury him for the same reason. He does not inherit from them, as the heirs of both husbands can reject his claims. However, they inherit from him if he has no sons and split his inheritance equally. And he is exempt from capital punishment for striking and for cursing both this father and that one. Although one who strikes or curses his father or mother is liable to receive the death penalty, he cannot be held liable, as it is unknown which of the men is his father. He must ascend to the Temple service with the priestly watch of this father and of that one, as he belongs to one of these watches and is obligated to serve with them. However, he does not receive a share of the portion of the offerings that gets eaten, as the members of each watch can claim that he is a member of the other watch. If both uncertain fathers were in one priestly watch, he receives one share, as he certainly belongs to that watch.
הָיָה אֶחָד יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶחָד כֹּהֵן, נוֹשֵׂא אִשָּׁה רְאוּיָה לְכֹהֵן, וְאֵינוֹ מִטַּמֵּא לְמֵתִים, וְאִם נִטְמָא, אֵינוֹ סוֹפֵג אֶת הָאַרְבָּעִים. וְאֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל בַּתְּרוּמָה, וְאִם אָכַל, אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קֶרֶן וָחֹמֶשׁ. וְאֵינוֹ חוֹלֵק עַל הַגֹּרֶן. וּמוֹכֵר הַתְּרוּמָה, וְהַדָּמִים שֶׁלּוֹ. וְאֵינוֹ חוֹלֵק בְּקָדְשֵׁי הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְאֵין נוֹתְנִים לוֹ אֶת הַקָּדָשִׁים, וְאֵין מוֹצִיאִין אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִיָּדוֹ. וּפָטוּר מִן הַזְּרֹעַ וְהַלְּחָיַיִם וְהַקֵּבָה. וּבְכוֹרוֹ יְהֵא רוֹעֶה עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֵב. וְנוֹתְנִין עָלָיו חֻמְרֵי כֹהֲנִים וְחֻמְרֵי יִשְׂרְאֵלִים. הָיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם כֹּהֲנִים, הוּא אוֹנֵן עֲלֵיהֶם, וְהֵם אוֹנְנִים עָלָיו. הוּא אֵינוֹ מִטַּמֵּא לָהֶם, וְהֵם אֵינָן מִטַּמְּאִין לוֹ. הוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹרֵשׁ אוֹתָן, אֲבָל הֵם יוֹרְשִׁין אוֹתוֹ. וּפָטוּר עַל מַכָּתוֹ וְעַל קִלְלָתוֹ שֶׁל זֶה וְשֶׁל זֶה, וְעוֹלֶה בְמִשְׁמָרוֹ שֶׁל זֶה וְשֶׁל זֶה, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹלֵק. אִם הָיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּמִשְׁמָר אֶחָד, נוֹטֵל חֵלֶק אֶחָד:
ז׳
ברטנורא

היה אחד ישראל – one of the husbands was an Israelite and one of them was a Kohen.

הוא אונן עליהם – perhaps this was on his father, and on the day of his death, he is forbidden to eat Holy Things.

והם אוננים עליו – and on the day of his death, they both are forbidden [to partake of] Holy Things. And a case can be found that he sees the death of both of them that he was a valid Kohen, for he does not defile himself for them, as for example, that they were betrothed in a mistaken Kiddushin on condition, and it was not fulfilled, and left him without a Jewish bill of divorce and she got married within three [months] and in such a manner, a case can be found that he sees the death of both of them, and he is a valid Kohen, therefore, he does not defile himself to them.

הוא לא יורש אותן – for the heirs supersede him these with those.

והן יורשין אותו – for who prevents them and they divide the money between the two of them.

ועולה במשמרו – to serve and the members of his priestly watch do not prevent him, but he does not take [a share] for all the members of the priestly watch supersede him concerning his colleagues.

היה אחד ישראל. אחד מן הבעלים ישראל ואחד כהן:

הוא אונן עליהן. שמא זה אביו וביום מיתתו אסור לאכול בקדשים:

והם אוננים עליו. וביום מותו אסורים שניהם בקדשים. ומשכחת לה דרואה במיתת שניהן וכהן כשר הוא דהא אינו מיטמא להן, כגון שנתקדשה קדושי טעות על תנאי ולא נתקיים דנפקא מיניה בלא גיטא ונישאת תוך שלשה ובכהאי גוונא משכחת לה דרואה במיתת שניהם וכהן כשר, הוא לפיכך אינו מיטמא להן:

הוא לא יורש אותן. דיורשין מדחין אותו אלו אצל אלו:

והן יורשין אותו. דמי מעכב על ידן, וחולקים הממון בין שניהן:

ועולה במשמרו. לעבוד, ואין בני משמר מעכבין עליו. אבל אינו חולק, דכל בני משמר דחו ליה גבי חבריה:

משנה ב

Mishnayos Yevamos Perek 12 Mishnah 1

יבמות פרק י"ב משנה א׳

1
The mitzva of ḥalitza, the ritual through which the yavam frees the yevama of her levirate bonds, must be performed before three judges, and the ritual does not require the judges to be experts fit to adjudicate other matters, as even if all three are laymen, it is acceptable. If she performed ḥalitza while he was wearing a shoe made of soft leather that covers the whole foot, her ḥalitza is valid, but if she performed ḥalitza while he was wearing a soft shoe [anpileya] made of cloth, her ḥalitza is invalid, as it is not considered a real shoe. If ḥalitza was performed while he was wearing a sandal, i.e., footwear made of hard leather, that has a heel, it is valid; but if performed with a sandal without a heel, it is invalid ḥalitza. If the leg of the yavam was amputated anywhere from the knee down and she performed ḥalitza as he wore a shoe on the stump of his leg, it is valid ḥalitza. If, however, the leg was amputated anywhere from the knee and above, and she performed ḥalitza as he wore a shoe on the stump of his leg, it is invalid ḥalitza.
מִצְוַת חֲלִיצָה בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה דַיָּנִין, וַאֲפִלּוּ שְׁלָשְׁתָּן הֶדְיוֹטוֹת. חָלְצָה בְמִנְעָל, חֲלִיצָתָהּ כְּשֵׁרָה. בְּאַנְפִּילִין, חֲלִיצָתָהּ פְּסוּלָה. בְּסַנְדָּל שֶׁיֶּשׁ לוֹ עָקֵב, כָּשֵׁר. וְשֶׁאֵין לוֹ עָקֵב, פָּסוּל. מִן הָאַרְכֻּבָּה וּלְמַטָּה, חֲלִיצָתָהּ כְּשֵׁרָה. מִן הָאַרְכֻּבָּה וּלְמַעְלָה, חֲלִיצָתָהּ פְּסוּלָה:
א׳
ברטנורא

מצות חליצה: ואפילו שלשתן הדיוטות – be surely, that they are called judges and it is essential that they know to lead in reading the Biblical verses similar to judges, for even though it is taught in the Mishnah that the Mitzvah/rite of Halitzah requires three judges, we need to combine with them two others, so that Halitzah will be will be done with five to publicize the matter. And these two that they add on to the three, even if they don’t know how to read [the Biblical verses].

מנעל – of soft leather, the Halitzah is appropriate but not ab initio, as a decree lest he perform Halitzah with a torn shoe from above for even if it is torn, it sits at the knee, for since it is soft, and we require something that protects and this lacks that. But a sandal made of hard leather and it is torn and does not sit at the knee, one cannot make the decree that lest he perform the Halitzah ritual with a torn sandal; therefore, the essence of Halitzah is with a sandal.

חליצתה פסולה – like a kind of felt housing for the foot, his Halitzah is disqualified, for we require something that protects; It is written here (Deuteronomy 25:9): “[pull the sandal off] his foot, [spit in his face]” and it is written there (Ezekiel 16:10): “[I clothed you with embroidered garments,] and gave you sandals of dolphin leather to wear, [wound fine linen around your head, and dressed you in silks],” and it is of leather.

מן הארכובה ולמעלה חליצתה פסולה – that the straps of the shoe are tied above from the knee.

מצות חליצה. ואפילו שלשתן הדיוטות. והא דקרי להו דיינים, שצריך שיהיו יודעים להקרות הפסוקים כעין דיינים. ואע״ג דתנן מצות חליצה בשלשה, צריכין לצרף עמהן שנים אחרים, שתהיה חליצה בחמשה לפרסומי מילתא. והשנים הללו שמוסיפים על השלשה אפילו אין יודעים להקרות:

מנעל. של עור רך חליצתו כשרה, אבל לכתחלה לא, גזירה שמא יחלוץ במנעל קרוע מלמעלה, דאפילו כי קרוע מייתב אכרעיה הואיל והוא רך, ואנן מידי דמגין בעינן והא ליכא. אבל סנדל שהוא של עור קשה וכי קרוע לא מייתב אכרעיה, ליכא למגזר שמא יחלוץ בסנדל קרוע, הלכך עיקר חליצה בסנדל היא:

באנפליאות. כמין בתי רגלים של בגד:

חליצתה פסולה. דמידי דמגין בעינן, כתיב הכא (דברים כ״ה) נעלו וכתיב התם (יחזקאל י״ז) ואנעלך תחש, והוא עור:

מן הארכובה ולמעלה חליצתה פסולה. שהיו רצועות המנעל קשורות למעלה מן הארכובה:

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