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המשנה היומית של היום

Temurah 3:4 - 3:5

The Mishnah Yomi for Friday, October 31, 2031 is Temurah 3:4 - 3:5

＜ היום הקודםהיוםלמחרת ＞

משנה א

Mishnayos Temurah Perek 3 Mishnah 4

תמורה פרק ג׳ משנה ד׳

4
The mishna objects: But even according to the Rabbis, isn’t a gift offering also a burnt offering? And what then is the difference between the statement of Rabbi Elazar and the statement of the Rabbis? Rather, the Rabbis are referring to a communal burnt offering and Rabbi Elazar is referring to an individual burnt offering, and there are several differences between these two offerings: When the animal comes as an individual burnt offering, the owner places his hands upon it and brings the accompanying meal offering and libations, and its libations come from his own property. If the owner of the animal was a priest, the right to perform its Temple service and the right to its hide are his. And when it is a communal gift offering, the owner of the animal that was sold does not place his hands upon it, as there is no placing of hands for communal offerings, and he does not bring its libations; rather, its libations are brought from the property of the community. Furthermore, although the owner of the animal that was sold is a priest, the right to perform its Temple service and the right to its hide are divided among the members of the priestly watch serving in the Temple that week.
וַהֲלֹא אַף הַנְּדָבָה עוֹלָה הִיא. מַה בֵּין דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר לְדִבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. אֶלָּא, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהִיא בָאָה חוֹבָה, הוּא סוֹמֵךְ עָלֶיהָ וּמֵבִיא עָלֶיהָ נְסָכִין, וּנְסָכֶיהָ מִשֶּׁלּוֹ. וְאִם הָיָה כֹהֵן, עֲבוֹדָתָהּ וְעוֹרָהּ שֶׁלּוֹ. וּבִזְמַן שֶׁהִיא בָאָה נְדָבָה, אֵינוֹ סוֹמֵךְ עָלֶיהָ וְאֵינוֹ מֵבִיא עָלֶיהָ נְסָכִין, וּנְסָכֶיהָ מִשֶּׁל צִבּוּר. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא כֹהֵן, עֲבוֹדָתָהּ וְעוֹרָהּ שֶׁל אַנְשֵׁי מִשְׁמָר:
ד׳
ברטנורא

והלא אף הנדבה עולה – [the Mishnah] is explaining what is the difference between them (i.e., the first Tanna/teacher [that the animal should be left out to pasture to develop a blemish, be sold and that its monetary value should be donated to the Temple treasury as a free-will offering] and Rabbi Eleazar [that he should purchase with its proceeds a burnt-offering]).

בזמן שהיא באה חובה – when it is placed upon the individual to over it, he lays his hands upon it, etc. (i.e., he brings drink-offerings/libations on its account, and the libations are from his own funds).

ואם היה כהן – he who set aside the guilt-offering and was expiated through another [animal], and the first, an animal dedicated as a guilt-offering, has been condemned to pasture until natural death.

עבודתה ועורה – of the burnt-offering purchased from the proceeds of that guilt-offering, is his, and he himself offers and takes the hide, and even if it is not from the priestly watch of that week.

אינו סומך עליה – for it is the free-will donation of the community which does not have the laying of the hands.

ואע"פ שהוא כהן עבודתה ועורה לאנשי משמר – for it is of the community, and a Kohen from a different priestly watch is not permitted to offer it up, as it is written (Deuteronomy 18:8): “[They shall receive equal shares of the dues,] without regard to personal gifts or patrimonies,” what the patrimonies sold to each other, you take on your Shabbat, and I will take on my Shabbat. And the Halakha is according to the Sages.

והלא אף הנדבה עולה. פירושי קמפרש מאי בינייהו:

בזמן שהיא באה חובה. שהיא מוטלת על היחיד להקריבה. סומך עליה כו׳:

ואם היה כהן. אותו שהפריש אשם ונתכפר באחר ונתקו לראשון ברעייה:

עבודתה ועורה. של עולה הקנויה מדמי אותו אשם, שלו היא, שהוא עצמו מקריבה ונוטל העור, ואפילו אינו מן המשמר של אותה שבת:

אינו סומך עליה. דנדבת צבור אין בהם סמיכה:

ואע״פ ששהוא כהן עבודתה ועורה לאנשי משמר. שהרי של צבור הוא ואין כהן של משמר אחר רשאי להקריב, דכתיב (דברים י״ח) לבד ממכריו על האבות, מה שמכרו האבות זה לזה, טול אתה את שבתך ואני אטול את שבתי. והלכה כדברי חכמים:

משנה ב

Mishnayos Temurah Perek 3 Mishnah 5

תמורה פרק ג׳ משנה ה׳

5
With regard to the substitute of a firstborn offering and the substitute of an animal tithe offering, and the offspring of those substitutes and the offspring of their offspring until the end of time, the halakhic status of these animals is like that of a firstborn offering and like that of an animal tithe offering in that they must be treated with sanctity: They graze until they become blemished, and at that point they may be eaten in their blemished state, the substitute of the firstborn by the priests and the substitute of the animal tithe by their owners. They are not sacrificed upon the altar like the original firstborn and animal tithe offerings. What is the practical difference between a firstborn offering and an animal tithe offering and all the other sacrificial animals? The difference is that all the other sacrificial animals that were blemished and redeemed are sold in the butchers’ market [ba’itliz], and slaughtered in the butchers’ market, and weighed and sold by the litra, in the manner that non-sacred meat is slaughtered and sold. This is the case with regard to all consecrated animals except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which are sold only from the home and not by the litra. And in addition, all sacrificial animals that became blemished are subject to redemption through sale, at which point the money becomes sacred and the animal becomes non-sacred, and their substitutes are also subject to redemption through sale.This is true for all consecrated animals, except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which are not subject to redemption. And all sacrificial animals come to be sacrificed in the Temple even from outside of Eretz Yisrael, except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which should not be brought from outside Eretz Yisrael ab initio. But if they came unblemished, they are sacrificed in the Temple like a regular firstborn or animal tithe offering coming from Eretz Yisrael; and if they are blemished animals, they may be eaten in their blemished state, the firstborns by the priests and the animal tithes by their owners. Rabbi Shimon says: What is the reason for this last difference between them? It is that the firstborn and animal tithe offerings have a remedy in their place outside Eretz Yisrael, as they can graze until they become blemished and then can be eaten there. It is not necessary to bring them to Eretz Yisrael in order to eat them. But with regard to all other sacrificial animals, even if a blemish develops in them, these animals remain in their sanctity, and one must redeem them and bring another offering with the money of their redemption. Therefore, when they are unblemished it is proper to bring these animals themselves to Eretz Yisrael.
תְּמוּרַת הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר, וּוְלָדָן, וּוְלַד וְלָדָן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִבְכוֹר וּכְמַעֲשֵׂר, וְיֵאָכְלוּ בְמוּמָם לַבְּעָלִים. מַה בֵּין הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר לְבֵין כָּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים. שֶׁכָּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים נִמְכָּרִים בְּאִטְלִיס וְנִשְׁחָטִין בְּאִטְלִיס וְנִשְׁקָלִין בְּלִטְרָא, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וּמִן הַמַּעֲשֵׂר. וְיֵשׁ לָהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, וְלִתְמוּרוֹתֵיהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וּמִן הַמַּעֲשֵׂר. וּבָאִים מֵחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וּמִן הַמַּעֲשֵׂר. אִם בָּאוּ תְמִימִים, יִקְרְבוּ. וְאִם בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין, יֵאָכְלוּ בְמוּמָן לַבְּעָלִים. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, מַה הַטַּעַם. שֶׁהַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר יֵשׁ לָהֶן פַּרְנָסָה בִמְקוֹמָן, וּשְׁאָר כָּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹלַד לָהֶם מוּם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בִקְדֻשָּׁתָן:
ה׳
ברטנורא

הרי אלו כבכור וכמעשר – like the sanctity of the firstling and the tithe of the cattle, which are not slaughtered in the booths of a mercantile fair/bazaar.

חוץ מהבכור והמעשר (see Tractate Bekhorot, Chapter 5, Mishnah 1) – because there is no benefit for something sanctified in the salle, for the proceeds of a firstling go to a Kohen, and the proceeds of a tithe go to the owners, and because of their benefit, we don’t treat them lightly.

ובאין מחוצה לארץ לארץ חוץ מן הבכור ומן המעשר (see Tractate Bekhorot, Chapter 9, Mishnah 1) – for they don’t come ab initio from outside the land of Israel, as the reason is explained beyond. But if they came as pure animals, they are sacrificed.

אמר ר' שמעון מה טעם – that the firstling and the tithe do not come from outside the Land of Israel like the other Holy Things.

שבכור ומעשר יש להם פרנסה במקומן – they have repair in their places that [the animals] will go out to pasture until they become unfit for sacrifices and their owners will consume them with their blemishes.

ושאר כל הקדשים – even though a blemish befell them, they are in their sanctity, you need to redeem them and to elevate their monetary value and to offer them up., for since their end is to elevate their monetary value, they should raise them themselves and offer them up. But the legal decision is, that a firstling and a tithe that were pure that came up from outside the Land [of Israel] should not be offered up, as it is written (Deuteronomy 14:23): “You shall consume the tithes of your new grain and wine and oil, in the presence of the LORD your God,” from the place that you raise up tithes and grain, you raise up the firstling, and from the place that you don’t raise up the tithe of your new grain, you don’t raise up the firstling. And the tithe of cattle is also made an analogy to the tithe of your new grain.

הרי אלו כבכור וכמעשר. כקדושת בכור ומעשר בהמה, שאין נשחטים באיטליס, דהיינו בשוק שמוכרין בו הבשר, אפילו לאחר שנפל בהן מום ונפדו:

חוץ מהבכור והמעשר. מפני שאין הנאה להקדש במכירה, דדמי בכור לכהן, ודמי מעשר לבעלים, ומשום הנאה דידהו לא מזלזלינן בקדשים:

ובאין מחוצה לארץ לארץ חוץ מן הבכור ומן המעשר. שאינן באים לכתחלה מחוצה לארץ, כדמפרש טעמא לקמן. אבל אם באו תמימים יקרבו:

לבעלים. בכור לכהן, ומעשר לישראל:

אמר ר׳ שמעון מה טעם. שהבכור והמעשר אינן באין מחוצה לארץ כשאר קדשים:

שבכור ומעשר יש להם פרנסה במקומן. יש להם תקנה במקומן שירעו עד שיסתאבו ויאכלו במומן לבעלים:

ושאר כל הקדשים. אע״פ שנפל בהן מום הרי הן בקדושתן, וצריך אתה לפדותן ולהעלות דמיהן ולהקריבן, והואיל וסופן להעלות דמיהן, יעלו הן עצמן ויקרבו. ופסק ההלכה, דבכור ומעשר שעלו מחוצה לארץ תמימים לא יקרבו, דכתיב (דברים י״ד:כ״ג) ואכלת לפני ה׳ אלהיך וגו׳ מעשר דגנך תירושך ויצהרך ובכורות בקרך וצאנך, ממקום שאתה מעלה מעשר ודגן אתה מעלה בכור, וממקום שאין אתה מעלה מעשר דגן, אין אתה מעלה בכור. ומעשר בהמה נמי אתקש למעשר דגן:

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