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המשנה היומית של היום

שבועות ז׳:ח׳ - ח׳:א׳

The Mishnah Yomi for Wednesday, December 4, 2030 is שבועות ז׳:ח׳ - ח׳:א׳

＜ היום הקודםהיוםלמחרת ＞

משנה א

Mishnayos Shevuos Perek 7 Mishnah 8

שבועות פרק ז׳ משנה ח׳

8
And these people are sometimes required to take an oath that they do not owe anything even when there is no explicit claim against them: Partners, sharecroppers, stewards [apotropin], a woman who does business from home, where she manages the property of orphans, and the member of the household appointed to manage the household’s affairs. For example, in a case where one of these people said to one of the people whose property he or she manages: What is your claim against me? If the other replied: It is simply my wish that you take an oath to me that you have not taken anything of mine, the former is liable to take that oath. Once the partners or the sharecroppers have divided the common property, each taking his share, then one side may not require an oath of the other absent a definite claim. But if an oath was imposed upon him due to some other situation, that oath can be extended to impose upon him any other oath, i.e., it can be extended to apply to any other of their disputes. The mishna adds: And the Sabbatical Year abrogates the obligation to take an oath about a debt, just like it abrogates a debt.
וְאֵלּוּ נִשְׁבָּעִים שֶׁלֹּא בְטַעֲנָה, הַשֻּׁתָּפִין, וְהָאֲרִיסִין, וְהָאַפּוֹטְרוֹפִּין, וְהָאִשָּׁה הַנּוֹשֵׂאת וְהַנּוֹתֶנֶת בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וּבֶן הַבָּיִת. אָמַר לוֹ מָה אַתָּה טוֹעֲנֵנִי, רְצוֹנִי שֶׁתִּשָּׁבַע לִי, חַיָּב. חָלְקוּ הַשֻּׁתָּפִין וְהָאֲרִיסִין, אֵין יָכוֹל לְהַשְׁבִּיעוֹ. נִתְגַּלְגְּלָה לוֹ שְׁבוּעָה מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר, מְגַלְגְּלִין עָלָיו אֶת הַכֹּל. וְהַשְּׁבִיעִית מְשַׁמֶּטֶת אֶת הַשְּׁבוּעָה:
ח׳
ברטנורא

שלא בטענה – without an evident/sure claim, but rather a possible [alternative] claim, for he claims that perhaps you withheld from me. But because of of these teach a permitted action for themselves because they were busy with property, because of this, the Rabbis placed an oath upon them.

והאפוטרופסים – that were in engaged in the money of a person to earn and to spend and to engage in business. But the guardian/administrator of orphans, if the Jewish court appointed him, he does not take an oath.

והאשה הנושאת ונותנת בתוך הבית – her husband placed her as a storekeeper or administrator/guardian over his possessions.

ובן בית – one of the brothers who was engaged with property when their father died.

חלקו – but they did not have him take an oath at the time of the division [of property].

נתגלגלה לו שבועה – with them afterwards. They impose nupon him als this [oath] upon him, in the same manner that impose upon the oath of the Torah and with an oath that is similar to that of the Torah; so they impose upon him the oath of inducement.

והשביעית משמטת את השבועה – this not referring to the oath of partners, for the Seventh Year does not release partners nor its oath, but rather, from a borrower/debtor and its oath [the Seventh Year] releases.

שלא בטענה. שלא בטענת ברי אלא בטענת שמא, שטוענו שמא עכבת משלי. ומשום דכל הני מורו היתר לעצמם לפי שטרחו בנכסים, משום הכי רמו רבנן שבועה עלייהו:

והאפוטרופים. שנתעסקו בממון אדם להכניס ולהוציא ולישא וליתן. אבל באפוטרופוס של יתומים, אם מינהו ב״ד ישבע, ואם אבי יתומים מינהו לא ישבע:

והאשה הנושאת ונותנת בתוך הבית. שהושיבה בעלה חנונית או אפטרופא על נכסיו:

ובן הבית. אחד מן האחין שנתעסק בנכסים משמת אביהן:

חלקו. ולא השביעוהו בשעת החלוקה:

נתגלגלה לו שבועה. אצלם אחרי כן, מגלגלין גם את זו עליו. וכדרך שמגלגלין בשבועת התורה ובשבועה שהיא כעין של תורה, כך מגלגלין בשבועת היסת:

והשביעית משמטת את השבועה. לאו אהנך שבועות דשותפין קאי, דהא אין שביעית משמטת שותפות ולא שבועתה. אלא מלוה ושבועתה היא משמטת:

משנה ב

Mishnayos Shevuos Perek 8 Mishnah 1

שבועות פרק ח׳ משנה א׳

1
There are four types of bailees, to whom different halakhot apply. They are as follows: An unpaid bailee, who receives no compensation for safeguarding the item in his care; and a borrower, who receives an item on loan for his own use without paying a rental fee; a paid bailee, who is paid a salary for safeguarding the deposited item; and a renter, i.e., one who pays a fee for the use of an item or animal. In the event that one of these bailees is unable to return the deposited item to its owner, the halakha with regard to liability is dependent upon what happened to the item, and upon the type of bailee: An unpaid bailee takes an oath attesting to the fact that he was not negligent with the care of the item and is then exempt from liability for everything, meaning for all types of damage, whether the item was lost, stolen, damaged, or if the animal died. Conversely, a borrower does not have the option of taking an oath, and pays for everything, whether the item was stolen, lost, damaged, or the animal died, even if it was by unavoidable accident. The halakhot of a paid bailee and a renter are the same: They take an oath concerning an injured animal, and concerning a captured one, and concerning a dead animal, attesting to the fact that these mishaps were not caused by negligence, but rather by unavoidable accident, and then are exempt from liability. But they must pay if the deposit cannot be returned due to loss or theft, even if these were not caused by negligence.
אַרְבָּעָה שׁוֹמְרִין הֵן, שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם, וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל, נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר, וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר. שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם נִשְׁבָּע עַל הַכֹּל. וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל מְשַׁלֵּם אֶת הַכֹּל. נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר נִשְׁבָּעִין עַל הַשְּׁבוּרָה וְעַל הַשְּׁבוּיָה וְעַל הַמֵּתָה, וּמְשַׁלְּמִים אֶת הָאֲבֵדָה וְאֶת הַגְּנֵבָה:
א׳
ברטנורא

ארבעה שומרים הם – [and their laws are three].

נושא שכר – bailee with payment

נשבע על הכל – that he was not negligent.

משלם על הכל – all those that we taught in our Mishnah, taken captive, and/or injured and/or who died and/or was something stolen and/or lost. But if it (i.e., the animal) had died on account of the labor [done], he does not pay, because this cannot be established as a measure of the borrowing. But this Mishnah is explained in [Bava Metzia, Chapter 7] “One who Hires Workers”/”HaSokher Et HaPoalim.”

ארבעה שומרים הם. ודיניהן שלשה:

נושא שכר. שומר בשכר:

נשבע על הכל. שלא פשע:

משלם את הכל. כל הנך דתנינן במתניתין, שבויה ושבורה ומתה וגניבה ואבדה. אבל מתה מחמת מלאכה, אינו משלם, דלאו לאוקמה בכילתא שאלה. והמשנה הזאת מפורשת בהשוכר את הפועלים:

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