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המשנה היומית של היום

שבועות ב׳:א׳ - ב׳:ב׳

The Mishnah Yomi for Sunday, November 10, 2030 is שבועות ב׳:א׳ - ב׳:ב׳

＜ היום הקודםהיוםלמחרת ＞

משנה א

Mishnayos Shevuos Perek 2 Mishnah 1

שבועות פרק ב׳ משנה א׳

1
With regard to cases of awareness of the defiling of the Temple by entering it while one is ritually impure, or defiling its sacrificial foods by partaking of them while one is ritually impure, there are two types that are actually four. How so? If one became ritually impure and he was aware that he was impure, but afterward his impurity was hidden from him, though he remembered that he was partaking of sacrificial food, which is forbidden to one who is in a state of ritual impurity; this is one of the four types of awareness of impurity. If the fact that he was partaking of sacrificial food was hidden from him, though he remembered the ritual impurity that he had contracted; this is the second of the four types of awareness of impurity. And the same halakha applies if both this and that were hidden from him, both the fact that he was impure and the fact that he was partaking of sacrificial food. In all these cases, if he partook of the sacrificial food and was unaware either that he was impure, or that the food was sacrificial food, or both, and after he partook of it he became aware of that which he had forgotten, he is required to bring a sliding-scale offering. In this type of offering, the sinner sacrifices an animal, bird, or meal-offering, depending on his financial status. And similarly with regard to entering the Temple: If one became ritually impure and he was aware that he was impure, but afterward his impurity was hidden from him, though he remembered that he was entering the Temple, which is prohibited for one who is in a state of ritual impurity; this is the third of the four types of awareness of impurity. If the fact that he was entering the Temple was hidden from him, though he remembered the ritual impurity that he had contracted; this is the fourth type of awareness of impurity. And the same halakha applies if both this and that were hidden from him, both the fact that he was impure and the fact that he was entering the Temple. In all these cases, if he entered the Temple and was unaware either that he was impure, or that he was entering the Temple, or both, and after he left he became aware of what was hidden from him, he is required to bring a sliding-scale offering.
יְדִיעוֹת הַטֻּמְאָה שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע. נִטְמָא וְיָדַע וְנֶעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ הַטֻּמְאָה וְזָכוּר אֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ, נֶעְלַם מִמֶּנּוּ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְזָכוּר אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, נֶעֶלְמוּ מִמֶּנּוּ זֶה וָזֶה וְאָכַל אֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְלֹא יָדַע, וּמִשֶּׁאָכַל יָדַע, הֲרֵי זֶה בְעוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד. נִטְמָא וְיָדַע וְנֶעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ טֻמְאָה וְזָכוּר אֶת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, נֶעְלַם מִמֶּנּוּ מִקְדָּשׁ וְזָכוּר אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, נֶעֶלְמוּ מִמֶּנּוּ זֶה וָזֶה וְנִכְנַס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְלֹא יָדַע, וּמִשֶּׁיָּצָא יָדַע, הֲרֵי זֶה בְעוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד:
א׳
ברטנורא

ידיעות הטומאה. נטמא וידע – [that he became defiled and was aware] that he became defiled at the time of of defilement or afterwards.

נעלמה ממנו טומאה – and through that same act of forgetfulness/lack of awareness, he ate Holy Things, which is one [count], and he entered into the Sanctuary/Temple, which is two [counts], as it is written (Leviticus 5:4): “and the fact has escaped him,” and he is unclean/defiled, which implies that the defilement escaped him. But because he is not liable for it other than if he was aware at the beginning that he had become defiled/unclean and afterwards, it escaped him, because of this, it (i.e., the Mishnah) calls it: ידיעות הטמאה/awareness (plural) of uncleanness.

ונעלם ממנו הקודש – or the Temple/Sanctuary, but if he ate Holy Things or entered into the Temple, and he was mindful of defilement, there are two other [counts] that are not written [in the Bible].

נעלם ממנו זה וזה – it is not from the numbers of awareness, but it comes to tell us that even though that at the time of eating Holy Things or entering into the Temple, he was not mindful neither of defilement nor of the holiness [of the Temple], and he Is liable for the sliding-scale offering (depending upon his financial situation).

ידיעות הטומאה. נטמא וידע שנטמא. בשעת טומאה או אחרי כן:

נעלמה ממנו טומאה. וע״י אותו העלם אכל קודש, הרי אחת. ונכנס למקדש, הרי שתים. דכתיב ונעלם ממנו והוא טמא, משמע שנתעלמה ממנו טומאה. ולפי שאינו חייב עליה אלא א״כ ידע בתחלה שנטמא ואח״כ נעלמה ממנו, משום הכי קרי לה ידיעות:

נעלם ממנו הקודש. או המקדש, ואכל קודש או נכנס למקדש, וזכור לטומאה. הרי שתים אחרות דלא כתיבי:

נעלם ממנו זה וזה. אינו ממנין הידיעות. אלא הא קמשמע לן דאע״ג דבשעת אכילת קודש או כניסת מקדש אינו זכור לא לטומאה ולא לקודש, חייב קרבן עולה ויורד:

משנה ב

Mishnayos Shevuos Perek 2 Mishnah 2

שבועות פרק ב׳ משנה ב׳

2
As for the boundaries of the Temple with regard to the halakhot of impurity, the same halakha applies to one who enters the area that was part of the original Temple courtyard and to one who enters the later addition to the Temple courtyard, because the additional section is sanctified with the full sanctity of the Temple courtyard. The mishna notes: As, additions can be made to the city of Jerusalem or to the Temple courtyards only by a special body comprising the king, a prophet, the Urim VeTummim, and the Sanhedrin of seventy-one judges, and with two thanks-offerings and with a special song. Once the addition to the courtyard is made by this body and this process, it is given the full sanctity of the original courtyard area. The mishna provides certain details of the consecration ceremony. And the court would move forward, and two thanks-offerings would be brought after them, and all of the Jewish people would follow behind them. When they would reach the end of the place that they desired to consecrate, the inner thanks-offering would be eaten and the outer one would be burned. The details of this ceremony will be described in the Gemara. And with regard to any addition to the Temple that was not made with all these ceremonial procedures, one who enters there while ritually impure is not liable to bring an offering if his entry was unwitting, nor to be punished with karet, excision from the World-to-Come, if his entry was intentional.
אֶחָד הַנִּכְנָס לָעֲזָרָה וְאֶחָד הַנִּכְנָס לְתוֹסֶפֶת הָעֲזָרָה, שֶׁאֵין מוֹסִיפִין עַל הָעִיר וְעַל הָעֲזָרוֹת אֶלָּא בְמֶלֶךְ וְנָבִיא וְאוּרִים וְתֻמִּים וּבְסַנְהֶדְרִין שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים וְאֶחָד וּבִשְׁתֵּי תוֹדוֹת וּבְשִׁיר. וּבֵית דִּין מְהַלְּכִין וּשְׁתֵּי תוֹדוֹת אַחֲרֵיהֶם, וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרֵיהֶם. הַפְּנִימִית נֶאֱכֶלֶת וְהַחִיצוֹנָה נִשְׂרָפֶת. וְכֹל שֶׁלֹּא נַעֲשָׂה בְכָל אֵלּוּ, הַנִּכְנָס לְשָׁם אֵין חַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ:
ב׳
ברטנורא

אחד הנכנס לעזרה – [to the courtyard] first.

ואחר הנכנס תוספת – that they added to it afterwards.

שאין מוספין וכו' – therefore, this is holy like the first (i.e., the courtyard).

אלא במלך – as Scripture states (Exodus 25:9): “Exactly as I show you – the pattern of the Tabernacle and the pattern of all its furnishings – so shall you make it,” this is an additional verse for expounding for the generations. For in the days of Moses, he was King and Prophet and his brother (i.e. Aaron) was the High Priest, and there were there Urim and Thumim (in the High Priest’s breast plate) and seventy elders, even so also all generations.

ובשתי תודות – with two loaves of thanksgiving offerings, and they would carry them in the circumference around until the end of the border that they sanctify, and there they consume (that is inside) and burn the second (which is outside) , and by the word of the prophet, it is consumed and by the word of the prophet it is burned, and that is exactly what is taught in the Mishnah: “the one offered inside is eaten and the one offered outside is burned.” But from Nehemiah ben Chakhliah, he completed it as it is written regarding him (Nehemiah 12:31): “and I appointed two large thanksgiving [choirs] and processions.”

ובשיר – the song that they would recite (Psalms 30:2): “I extol You, O LORD, for you have lifted me up,” But during the Second Temple period, even though there was no King and no Urim and Thumim, the Holiness that Solomon sanctified of the First Temple was a holiness for its time period and a holiness for the time to come. But the service of Nehemiah ben Chakhliah was for mere memory.

אחד הנכנס לעזרה. ראשונה:

ואחד הנכנס לתוספת. שהוסיפו עליה אחרי כן:

שאין מוסיפין וכו׳ לפיכך היא קדושה כראשונה:

אלא במלך. דאמר קרא (שמות כ״ח) ככל אשר אני מראה אותך את תבנית המשכן ואת תבנית כל כליו וכן תעשו, קרא יתירא הוא למדרש לדורות. ובימי משה הוא מלך ונביא ואחיו כהן גדול והיו שם אורים ותומים ושבעים זקנים, אף לדורות כן:

ובשתי תודות. בשני לחמי תודה. והיו נושאים אותן בהיקף סביב עד סוף הגבול שמקדשים, ושם אוכלים האחת ושורפים השניה, ועל פי נביא נאכלת ועל פי נביא נשרפת. והיינו דתנן הפנימית נאכלת והחיצונה נשרפת. ומנחמיה בן חכליה גמר, דכתיב ביה (נחמיה י״ב:ל״א) ואעמידה שתי תודות גדולות:

ובשיר. השיר שהיו אומרים ארוממך ה׳ כי דליתני (תהילים ל׳:ב׳). ובית שני אע״פ שלא היה שם לא מלך ולא אורים ותומים, הקדושה שקידש שלמה הבית בראשונה קדשה לשעתה וקדשה לעתיד לבא. ועבודה דנחמיה בן חכליה לזכר בעלמא הוה:

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