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יבמות י״ד:א׳ - י״ד:ב׳

The Mishnah Yomi for Monday, January 6, 2020 is יבמות י״ד:א׳ - י״ד:ב׳

＜ היום הקודםהיוםלמחרת ＞

משנה א

Mishnayos Yevamos Perek 14 Mishnah 1

יבמות פרק י"ד משנה א׳

1
With regard to a deaf-mute who married a halakhically competent woman, and a halakhically competent man who married a deaf-mute: If either man wants to divorce his wife, he may divorce her, and if he wants to maintain her as his wife, he may maintain her. The reason why a deaf-mute man can divorce his wife is that just as he marries her by intimation, i.e., his marriage is not performed by explicit speech, as deaf-mutes rely on gestures, so too, he divorces her by intimation. Likewise, in the case of a halakhically competent man who married a halakhically competent woman, and she later became a deaf-mute: If he wants to divorce his wife, he may divorce her, as a wife does not have to have intellectual capacity to receive a bill of divorce, and if he wants to maintain her as his wife, he may maintain her. If she became an imbecile, he may not divorce her, i.e., a bill of divorce is ineffective in this case. If he became a deaf-mute or an imbecile after they were married, he may never divorce her, as he does not have the legal competence to give a bill of divorce. Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri said: For what reason is the halakha that in the case of the woman who becomes a deaf-mute, her husband may divorce her, but in the case of the man who becomes a deaf-mute, he may not divorce his wife? If the bill of divorce written by someone who formerly possessed all his senses and later became a deaf-mute is invalid, it stands to reason that it should not be valid when she becomes a deaf-mute either. They said to him: The man who divorces his wife is not similar to the woman who is divorced, as the woman is divorced whether she is willing or unwilling. Since the woman’s consent is not required, she may be divorced even if she is a deaf-mute. And, conversely, the man divorces his wife only willingly, and therefore the bill of divorce of a deaf-mute, who is not legally competent, is ineffective.
חֵרֵשׁ שֶׁנָּשָׂא פִקַּחַת, וּפִקֵּחַ שֶׁנָּשָׂא חֵרֶשֶׁת, אִם רָצָה יוֹצִיא, וְאִם רָצָה יְקַיֵּם. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהוּא כוֹנֵס בִּרְמִיזָה, כָּךְ הוּא מוֹצִיא בִרְמִיזָה. פִּקֵּחַ שֶׁנָּשָׂא פִקַּחַת, וְנִתְחָרְשָׁה, אִם רָצָה יוֹצִיא, וְאִם רָצָה יְקַיֵּם. נִשְׁתַּטֵּית, לֹא יוֹצִיא. נִתְחָרֵשׁ הוּא אוֹ נִשְׁתַּטָּה, אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא עוֹלָמִית. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי, מִפְּנֵי מָה הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁנִּתְחָרְשָׁה יוֹצְאָה, וְהָאִישׁ שֶׁנִּתְחָרֵשׁ אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אֵינוֹ דוֹמֶה הָאִישׁ הַמְגָרֵשׁ לְאִשָּׁה מִתְגָּרֶשֶׁת, שֶׁהָאִשָּׁה יוֹצְאָה לִרְצוֹנָהּ וְשֶׁלֹּא לִרְצוֹנָהּ, וְהָאִישׁ אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֶלָּא לִרְצוֹנוֹ:
א׳
ברטנורא

כשם שכונס ברמיזה – meaning to say, just as concerning betrothal/sanctification, so also divorce. For just as a man of sound senses [who marries] with a deaf-mute woman with gestures (i.e., sign language), who gesticulated to her until she is reconciled to him and with a gesticulation he will divorce [her] if he wants to divorce [her].

ונתחרשה – even though that it was a complete betrothal/sanctification since she was of sound sense at that time.

אם רצה להוציא יוציא – for we don’t require the consent of the wife.

נשתטית לא יוציא – for even though she knows how to preserve her Jewish bill of divorce and can be divorced according to the [laws of] the [Written] Torah, the Sages established that he should not divorce her in order that people will not treat her with the practice of being an outlaw (see Talmud Yevamot 66a – as she had the neither the legal status of a freed woman nor that of a slave).

נתחרש הוא – after betrothal/sanctification, since for even though his betrothal was a complete betrothal, he can never divorce her, for a Jewish divorce that does not completely release the complete betrothal/sanctification.

חרש. כשם שכונס ברמיזה. כלומר כקידושין כך גרושין. וכן פקח בחרשת ברמיזה כנס שרמז לה עד שנתרצית לו וברמיזה יוציא אם רצה להוציא:

ונתחרשה. אע״פ שקדושין גמורים היו שפקחת היתה באותו זמן:

אם רצה להוציא יוציא. דלא בעינן דעת האשה:

נשתטית לא יוציא. ואע״פ שיודעת לשמור גיטה ומתגרשת מן התורה, תקנו חכמים שלא יגרשנה כדי שלא ינהגו בה מנהג הפקר:

נתחרש הוא. לאחר קדושין, הואיל והיו קדושיו קדושין גמורים לא יוציא עולמית, שאין גרושין שאינן גמורים מפקיעין קידושין גמורים:

משנה ב

Mishnayos Yevamos Perek 14 Mishnah 2

יבמות פרק י"ד משנה ב׳

2
Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Gudgada testified with regard to a female deaf-mute whose father married her off when she was a minor, which means her marriage was valid by Torah law, that she can be divorced with a bill of divorce even when she matures and is no longer under her father’s authority, despite the fact that she is not legally competent. They said to him: This woman, too, has a similar status. In other words, a woman who possessed all her faculties and later became a deaf-mute is comparable to a minor whose marriage was valid by Torah law and later, when she matured and was no longer under the authority of her father, received a bill of divorce. Both of these women can receive a bill of divorce, in accordance with the principle stated in the previous paragraph.
הֵעִיד רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן גֻּדְגְּדָה עַל הַחֵרֶשֶׁת שֶׁהִשִּׂיאָהּ אָבִיהָ, שֶׁהִיא יוֹצְאָה בְגֵט. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אַף זוֹ כַיּוֹצֵא בָהּ:
ב׳
ברטנורא

שהשיאה אביה – while she was a minor girl and accepted her betrothal/sanctification and they were a complete Kiddushin/sanctification, even though she is a deaf-mute girl, for with the consent of her father, she was betrothed and not with her consent/knowledge.

יוצאה בגט – even after she grew up and the power of her father has no legal effect, she receives her Jewish bill of divorce.

אף זו – a woman of sound senses who became a deaf-mute woman and in a similar manner.

שהשיאה אביה. בקטנותה וקיבל קידושיה והיו קדושין גמורים, אע״פ שהיא חרשת, שעל דעת אביה נתקדשה ולא על דעתה:

יוצאה בגט. אפילו לאחר שגדלה ופקע כח אב מקבלת היא את גיטה:

אף זו. פקחת שנתחרשה, כיוצא בה:

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