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פסחים ו׳:א׳ - ו׳:ב׳

The Mishnah Yomi for Tuesday, September 15, 2020 is פסחים ו׳:א׳ - ו׳:ב׳

＜ היום הקודםהיוםלמחרת ＞

משנה א

Mishnayos Pesachim Perek 6 Mishnah 1

פסחים פרק ו׳ משנה א׳

1
These are the matters related to the Paschal lamb that override Shabbat, when the eve of Passover occurs on Shabbat: Its slaughter, the sprinkling of its blood, the cleaning of its intestines and the burning of its fats on the altar, all of which are services that must be performed on Passover eve while it is still day. However, its roasting and the washing of its intestines, which need not be done by day, do not override Shabbat; rather, one waits until after Shabbat to perform these tasks. Carrying the Paschal lamb through a public domain does not override Shabbat. The Paschal offering consisted of either a lamb or a goat, sometimes quite young and unable to walk the entire way, so that it had to be carried on a person’s shoulders. Similarly, bringing it from outside the Shabbat limit and cutting off its wart do not override Shabbat, as all these tasks could have been performed before Shabbat. A wart is considered a blemish that disqualifies the animal from being brought as an offering, but once the wart is removed, the animal is fit to be sacrificed on the altar. Rabbi Eliezer says: All of these procedures override Shabbat.
אֵלּוּ דְבָרִים בַּפֶּסַח דּוֹחִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, שְׁחִיטָתוֹ וּזְרִיקַת דָּמוֹ וּמִחוּי קְרָבָיו וְהֶקְטֵר חֲלָבָיו. אֲבָל צְלִיָּתוֹ וַהֲדָחַת קְרָבָיו אֵינָן דּוֹחִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. הַרְכָּבָתוֹ וַהֲבָאָתוֹ מִחוּץ לַתְּחוּם, וַחֲתִיכַת יַבַּלְתּוֹ, אֵין דּוֹחִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, דּוֹחִין:
א׳
ברטנורא

ואלו דברים בפסח דוחין את השבת – The Passover offering overrides the [prohibitions of the] Sabbath, as it states that its set time is Passover (Numbers 9:2): “Let the Israelite people offer the Passover sacrifice at its set time.” And it (i.e., the Torah) states “set time” with relation to the daily whole burnt-offering (Numbers 28:2): “Be punctilious in presenting to Me at stated times…”Just as “its set time” which is stated in regard to the whole daily burnt-offering overrides the [prohibitions of the] Sabbath, as it is stated (Numbers 28:15): “in addition to the regular burnt offering,” so also “its set time” that is stated in connection to the Passover offering overrides the [prohibitions of the] Sabbath.

שחיטתו וזריקת דמו – it is impossible to perform them at night, as it is written (Leviticus 7:38): “when [during the day] He commanded that the Israelites present their offerings to the LORD…” during the day, and not during the nighttime.

מחוי – wiping, like (Proverbs 30:20): “She eats, wipes her mouth.” Scraping its entrails overrides the Sabbath, so that it does not smell badly.

צלייתו והדחת קרביו אין דוחין – for it is possible [to do these] after it becomes dark.

הרכבתו – on his shoulder to bring it via the public domain to the Temple courtyard, and even though there is no prohibition other than Sh’vut/an occupation forbidden by the Rabbis on the Sabbath as being out of harmony with the celebration of the day for the living can carry itself, it does not override [the prohibitions of the Sabbath day] for he could have prepared it from yesterday, and similarly, his bringing it from outside the Sabbath limits, and the cutting of its (i.e., the sacrifice’s) warts of the Passover offering to remove its defects even though he has no prohibition other than Sh’vut, that he cuts it with his teeth or with his hand, they do not override the prohibitions of the Sabbath. And as it is taught in the Mishnah at the end of Tractate Eruvin (Chapter 10, Mishnah 13), “They cut off a wart in the Temple,” this is something dry, that one crushes that which is brittle but our Mishnah here is speaking of something moist (Pesahim 68b), and even though he severs it with his teeth or with his hand, or indirectly , and even as such, it is prohibited with a moist [wart], for he could have done It from yesterday.

דוחין – for he (i.e., Rabbi Eliezer) holds that requirements for a religious act [to be performed on the Sabbath] override the observance of Shabbat (see Shabbat 19a).

ואלו דברים בפסח דוחין את השבת. פסח דוחה את השבת, דנאמר מועדו בפסח (במדבר ט׳:ב׳) ויעשו בני ישראל את הפסח במועדו, ונאמר מועדו בתמיד (שם כח) תשמרו להקריב לי במועדו, מה מועדו האמור בתמיד דוחה את השבת שנאמר (שם) על עולת התמיד, אף מועדו האמור בפסח דוחה את השבת:

שחיטתו וזריקת דמו. א״א לעשותן בלילה דכתיב (ויקרא ז׳:ט״ז) ביום צוותו להקריב, ביום ולא בלילה:

מחוי. קינוח, כמו אכלה ומחתה פיה (משלי ל׳:כ׳). מחוי קרביו דוחה את השבת, שלא יסריחו:

צלייתו והדחת קרביו אין דוחין. דאפשר משתחשך:

הרכבתו. על כתפו להביאו דרך רה״ר לעזרה. אע״פ שאין בו אלא איסור שבות, שהחי נושא את עצמו, אין דוחה, דהו״ל למעבדה מאתמול. וכן הבאתו מחוץ לתחום וחתיכת יבלתו של קרבן פסח להסיר מומו, אע״פ שאין בו אלא איסור שבות, שחותכה בשיניו או בידו, אינן דוחים. והא דתנן בשלהי עירובין חותכין יבלת במקדש, ההיא ביבשה דמפרך פרכה, ומתניתין דהכא בלחה. ואע״פ דכשחותכה בשיניו או בידו כלאחר יד הוא, אפילו הכי אסור בלחה דהוה ליה למעבדה מאתמול:

ר״א אומר דוחין. דסבר מכשירי מצוה דוחים את השבת, במסכת שבת:

משנה ב

Mishnayos Pesachim Perek 6 Mishnah 2

פסחים פרק ו׳ משנה ב׳

2
Rabbi Eliezer said: Could this not be derived through an a fortiori inference? If slaughter, which is ordinarily forbidden on Shabbat as a biblically prohibited labor, nonetheless overrides Shabbat when performed for the sake of the Paschal lamb, then these activities, namely carrying the animal, bringing it from outside the Shabbat limit, and the like, which are prohibited due to rabbinic decree, should they not override Shabbat? Rabbi Yehoshua said to him: The law governing a Festival proves otherwise, for the Torah permitted on it acts that are normally prohibited as labor, such as slaughtering, cooking, and baking, and yet it is forbidden to do on it acts that are prohibited due to rabbinic decree. Thus, we cannot derive policy with regard to rabbinic prohibitions from the rules that govern Torah laws. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: What is this, Yehoshua? How can you suggest such a weak proof? What proof can be deduced from optional activities that would apply to a mitzva? How does the fact that rabbinic decrees remain in effect on a Festival with respect to optional activities prove that one is also forbidden to transgress a rabbinic decree in order to fulfill the mitzva of offering the Paschal lamb? Rabbi Akiva responded and said in defense of Rabbi Yehoshua’s opinion: Sprinkling the purifying water of a red heifer upon someone who had contracted ritual impurity through contact with a corpse proves the matter, for it is done for the sake of a mitzva, in order to allow the person to offer the Paschal lamb, and it is prohibited only due to rabbinic decree, and nonetheless it does not override Shabbat, for the purification rite is not performed on the eve of Passover that falls on Shabbat. So, too, you should not be surprised about these activities, namely carrying the animal, bringing it from outside the Shabbat limit, and cutting off its wart, that although they are performed for the sake of a mitzva and they are prohibited only due to rabbinic decree, they do not override Shabbat. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: I do not accept this proof. With regard to this sprinkling itself, I infer that it, too, is permitted for the same reason: If slaughter, which is a biblically prohibited labor, overrides Shabbat, is it not right that sprinkling the purifying water of a red heifer, which is prohibited only due to rabbinic decree, should override Shabbat? You cannot challenge me based on a premise with which I disagree. Rabbi Akiva said to Rabbi Eliezer: Or perhaps we can reverse the order of your argument and say the opposite: If, as we know by accepted tradition, sprinkling the purifying water on Shabbat, which is prohibited only due to rabbinic decree, does not override Shabbat, then with regard to slaughter, which is prohibited as a biblically prohibited labor, is it not right that it should not override Shabbat? Therefore, it should be prohibited to slaughter the Paschal lamb when the eve of Passover occurs on Shabbat. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: Akiva, how can you say this? You have thus uprooted what is written in the Torah: “Let the children of Israel offer the Paschal lamb in its appointed time” (Numbers 9:2); the phrase “at its appointed time” indicates that the offering must be brought on that day, whether it is a weekday or Shabbat. Rabbi Akiva said to Rabbi Eliezer: My teacher, bring me an appointed time stated in the Torah for these tasks, namely, carrying the animal or bringing it from outside the Shabbat limits, like the appointed time stated with respect to slaughter. The Paschal lamb must be slaughtered on the fourteenth of Nisan, but there is no fixed time when the animal must be brought to the Temple, and it is therefore possible to transport it before Shabbat. Rabbi Akiva stated a principle: Any prohibited labor required for the offering of the sacrifice that can be performed on the eve of Shabbat does not override Shabbat; slaughter, which cannot be performed on the eve of Shabbat, overrides Shabbat.
אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, וַהֲלֹא דִין הוּא, מָה אִם שְׁחִיטָה שֶׁהִיא מִשּׁוּם מְלָאכָה דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת לֹא יִדְחוּ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, יוֹם טוֹב יוֹכִיחַ, שֶׁהִתִּירוּ בוֹ מִשּׁוּם מְלָאכָה, וְאָסוּר בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, מַה זֶּה, יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, מָה רְאָיָה רְשׁוּת לְמִצְוָה. הֵשִׁיב רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְאָמַר, הַזָּאָה תוֹכִיחַ, שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה וְהִיא מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת וְאֵינָהּ דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, אַף אַתָּה אַל תִּתְמַהּ עַל אֵלּוּ, שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מִצְוָה וְהֵן מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת, לֹא יִדְחוּ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, וְעָלֶיהָ אֲנִי דָן, וּמָה אִם שְׁחִיטָה שֶׁהִיא מִשּׁוּם מְלָאכָה, דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, הַזָּאָה שֶׁהִיא מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת, אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁדּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, אוֹ חִלּוּף, מָה אִם הַזָּאָה שֶׁהִיא מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת, אֵינָהּ דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, שְׁחִיטָה שֶׁהִיא מִשּׁוּם מְלָאכָה, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁלֹּא תִדְחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, עֲקִיבָא, עָקַרְתָּ מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה, בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם בְּמֹעֲדוֹ (במדבר ט), בֵּין בְּחֹל בֵּין בְּשַׁבָּת. אָמַר לוֹ, רַבִּי, הָבֵא לִי מוֹעֵד לָאֵלּוּ כַּמּוֹעֵד לַשְּׁחִיטָה. כְּלָל אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, כָּל מְלָאכָה שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, אֵינָהּ דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. שְׁחִיטָה שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת:
ב׳
ברטנורא

שחיטה שהיא – [slaughter which is] forbidden with non-holy animals on the Sabbath because of the complete prohibition of work, even though they override the [prohibitions of the] Sabbath on Passover.

אל שהם משום שבות לא ידחו – with astonishment!

יום טוב יוכיח – that they permitted on it (i.e., Yom Tov) slaughtering and cooking which is one of the primary forms of work and are permitted to the commoner, but they prohibited on it to bring something from outside to the Sabbath limits and to eat it, since it was possible for him [to do so] from the day before, and even though the Sabbath limits are Rabbinic [in nature and origin].

מה ראיה רשות למצוה – the eating of a commoner is optional, but for the needs of On High (i.e., God), it is a commandment, and if the Sages established the prohibition of their Sh’vut/an occupation forbidden as being out of harmony with the celebration of the day in an optional place, they can establish it even in the place of a commandment/Mitzvah. And Rabbi Yehoshua holds that every joy of the Yom Tov/Festial is a commandment, but nevertheless, it does override Sh’vut.

הזאה תוכיח שהיא מצוה – with someone who is defiled through contact with the dead that his seventh days occurs on the Sabbath on the Eve of Passover, for if he would not sprinkle, he could not offer his Passover sacrifice, and nevertheless, it does not override [the prohibitions of Shabbat] for Rabbi Akiva has established/holds it does not override [the prohibitions of Shabbat]. For the sprinkling [of the blood] is Sh’vut/an occupation forbidden as begin out of harmony with the celebration of the day, for it appears as something that a man does repair.

ועליה אני דן – and also on the sprinkling [of the blood] I dispute and say that it should override [the prohibitions of the Sabbath] and is not indispensable from the Passover sacrifice, from an inference from the weaker to the stronger/Kal VaHomer on its own.

א"ל ר' עקיבא או חלוף – or I will reverse the law, for it is obvious to him that sprinkling [of the blood[ is indispensable and we derive it by use of a Kal VaHomer/an inference from the weaker to the stronger from it to the slaughtering [which is indispensable].

במועדו – “Let the Israelite people offer the Passover sacrifice at its set time” (Numbers 9:2).

הבא לי מועד לאלו – that they should have a fixed time, just as they fixed for slaughtering, therefore, since they did not fix a time for them and it is able to be done from the day before, it does not override [the prohibitions of Shabbat]; but the sprinkling [of the blood] is not from the essence of the Passover sacrifice and the words, “at its set time” are not written concerning it. And the Halakha is according to Rabbi Akiva.

שחיטה שהיא. אסורה בחולין בשבת משום איסור מלאכה גמורה, אעפ״כ דוחה את השבת בפסח:

אלו שהם משום שבות לא ידחו. בתמיה:

יום טוב יוכיח. שהתירו בו שחיטה ובישול שהוא אב מלאכה ומותרין להדיוט, ואסרו בו להביא דבר מחוץ לתחום ולאכלו, הואיל והיה אפשר לו מאתמול, ואע״ג דתחומים מדרבנן:

מה ראיה רשות למצוה. אכילת הדיוט רשות הוא, וצורך גבוה מצוה היא, ואם העמידו חכמים איסור שבות שלהן במקום רשות, יעמידוהו אף במקום מצוה. ורבי יהושע סבר כל שמחת יום טוב מצוה היא, ואפילו הכי אינה דוחה שבות:

הזאה תוכיח שהיא מצוה. בטמא מת שחל שביעי שלו להיות בשבת ערב הפסח, שאם לא יזה לא יעשה פסחו, ואפילו הכי אינו דוחה דהכי קים ליה לרבי עקיבא דלא דחיא. והזאה שבות היא דמיחזי כמאן דמתקן גברא:

ועליה אני דן. וגם על ההזאה אני חולק ואומר שתדחה ולא יעכבהו מפסח, מק״ו זה בעצמו:

א״ל ר׳ עקיבא או חלוף. או אני אחליף את הדין. דפשיטא ליה דהזאה מעכבא וילפינן בק״ו מינה לשחיטה [שתעכב]:

במועדו. ויעשו בני ישראל את הפסח במועדו (במדבר ט׳:ב׳):

הבא לי מועד לאלו. שיהא להם זמן קבוע, כמו שקבע לשחיטה, הילכך כיון שלא קבע להם זמן ומצי למעבד מאתמול, לא דחיא, והזאה נמי לאו מגופיה דפסח היא ולא כתיב ביה במועדו. והלכה כר״ע:

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