ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
ืคืจืง ื“ืณ

Mishnayos Eruchin Perek 4 Mishnah 4

ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื“ืณ ืžืฉื ื” ื“ืณ

4
The sum fixed by the Torah based on the years of age is in accordance with the age of the subject of the vow; how so? A youth who valuated an elder gives the valuation of an elder, and an elder who valuated a youth gives the valuation of a youth. And the distinction based on sex that is written in the halakhot of valuations is stated with regard to the one valuated; how so? A man who valuated a woman gives the valuation of a woman, and a woman who valuated a man gives the valuation of a man. And the different valuation based on the age of the one valuated is determined at the time one takes the vow of valuation; how so? If one valuated another when he was less than five years old, when his valuation is five shekels, and before payment to the Temple treasury the subject of the vow became more than five years old, when his valuation is ten shekels; or if one valuated another when he was less than twenty years old, when his valuation is ten shekels, and before payment to the Temple treasury the subject of the vow became more than twenty years old, when his valuation is fifty shekels, in all these cases he gives payment according to the age of the subject of the valuation at the time of the valuation. The Torah provides three age categories that determine the amount of the valuation: From the age of one month until age five, from age five until age twenty, and from age twenty until age sixty. For anyone less than one month old there is no valuation. The halakhic status of the thirtieth day is like that of the period preceding thirty days, and therefore the one who took the vow is exempt. Likewise, the halakhic status of the fifth year and the twentieth year is like that of the period preceding them. As it is stated: โ€œAnd if it is from sixty years old and upwardโ€ (Leviticus 27:7), and we derive all the other age categories from the sixtieth year: Just as the halakhic status of the sixtieth year, where upward is written, is like that of the period preceding it, so too, the halakhic status of the fifth year and the twentieth year is like that of the period preceding them. The mishna asks: Is that so? Can one derive a halakha in this manner? If the Torah rendered the halakhic status of the sixtieth year like that of the period preceding it in order to be stringent and require one who valuated a sixty-year-old person to pay his valuation to the Temple treasury, shall we render the halakhic status of the fifth year and the twentieth year like that of the period preceding them in order to be lenient and pay a lower sum? Therefore, the verse states โ€œyearโ€ with regard to the fifth and twentieth years (see Leviticus 27:3โ€“6), and โ€œyearโ€ with regard to the sixtieth year (Leviticus 27:7), for a verbal analogy. Just as the halakhic status of the year stated with regard to the sixtieth year is like that of the period preceding it, so too, the halakhic status of the year stated with regard to the fifth year and the twentieth year is like that of the period preceding them, both in order to be lenient and in order to be stringent. Rabbi Eliezer says: Their halakhic status remains like that of the period preceding it, until they will be aged one month and one day beyond the fifth, twentieth, and sixtieth years.
ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื ึผึดื“ึผึธืจ ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“, ื™ึถืœึถื“ ืฉืึถื”ึถืขึฑืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืึถืช ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึตืŸ, ื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืขึตืจึถืšึฐ ื–ึธืงึตืŸ. ื•ึฐื–ึธืงึตืŸ ืฉืึถื”ึถืขึฑืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึถืœึถื“, ื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืขึตืจึถืšึฐ ื™ึถืœึถื“. ื•ึทืขึฒืจึธื›ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื ึผึถืขึฑืจึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“, ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉืึถื”ึถืขึฑืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึดืฉึผืึธื”, ื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืขึตืจึถืšึฐ ืึดืฉึผืึธื”. ื•ึฐืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึถืขึฑืจึดื™ื›ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื, ื ื•ึนืชึถื ึถืช ืขึตืจึถืšึฐ ืึดื™ืฉื. ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึตืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ื”ึธืขึตืจึถืšึฐ ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“, ื”ึถืขึฑืจึดื™ื›ื•ึน ืคึผึธื—ื•ึผืช ืžึดื‘ึผึถืŸ ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื—ึธืžึตืฉื, ืคึผึธื—ื•ึผืช ืžึดื‘ึผึถืŸ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื, ื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ื›ึผึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ื”ึธืขึตืจึถืšึฐ. ื™ื•ึนื ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ. ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึผืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื–), ื•ึฐืึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ืึดื ื–ึธื›ึธืจ, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืžึตื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื ืžึดืฉึผืึฐื ึทืช ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™ื. ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึฐื ึทืช ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื”, ืึทืฃ ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึผืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื”. ื”ึตืŸ. ืึดื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื” ืœึฐื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืจ, ื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึผืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื” ืœึฐื”ึธืงึตืœ. ืชึผึทืœึฐืžื•ึผื“ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ืฉืึธื ึธื” ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ืœึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ืฉืึธื•ึธื”. ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื”ึธืึฒืžื•ึผืจึธื” ื‘ึดืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื”, ืึทืฃ ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื”ึธืึฒืžื•ึผืจึธื” ื‘ึดืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึผืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื”, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึธืงึตืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืจ. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื™ึฐืชึตืจื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึดื™ื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“:
ื“ืณ
ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื

ื™ืœื“ โ€“ (who pledged the valuation of an elder) from age twenty until age sixty, for his value is fifty Shekel.

ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจืš โ€“ as it is written (Leviticus 27:17): โ€œ[If he consecrates his land as of the jubilee year,] its assessment stands,โ€ he does not give other than according to the time of the valuation.

ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื›ืœืžื˜ื” โ€“ if he stated that the valuation of so-and-so a minor child is upon me, and that minor was on that day was thirty [days old], it is like it is below that, and he did not say anything, for there is no valuation for less than a month [old], and thus it is written (Leviticus 27:6): โ€œIf the age is from one month [to five years, the equivalent for a male is five shekels of silver, and the equivalent for a female is three shekels of silver].โ€

ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” โ€“ implying that the sixtieth year was completed, and then he is judged like someone sixty [years old], but in the sixtieth year, he is judged as a child.

ื”ืŸ ืื ืขืฉื™ื ื• โ€“ in astonishment. Meaning to say, and if this the case, if we made the sixtieth [year] like it is lower than this to be stringent for a valuation of an adult one should lessen from athe age of sixty for fifty Sela, but for someone older than age sixty, it is not other than fifteen [Sela].

ื›ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืงืœ โ€“ that the valuation is more for someone who is twenty years old, an adult who is a less than twenty years, old, and similarly, with someone who is five [years old]. As it is written in Biblical verses.

ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ (the foregoing applies so long as they are a month and a day more than the years [which are prescribed]) - Always the fifth year and the twentieth year and the sixtieth year are like less than that age. That we derive from an analogy comparing from the usage of the word "ืœืžืขืœื”" and "ืœืžืขืœื”". It is stated here (Leviticus 27:7): โ€œIf the age is sixty years or over/ืžื‘ืŸ-ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”, [the equivalent is fifteen shekels in the case of a male and ten shekels for a female],โ€ and it is stated (Numbers 18:16): โ€œTake as their redemption price from the age of one month up/ื•ืคื“ื•ื™ื• ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขืœื” [the money equivalent of five shekels by the sanctuary weight which is twenty gerahs],โ€ just as there it is it is one month and one day, for a firstling is not redeemed any younger than from one month and one day, so even here, until he adds on to the sixty months and one day. And the fifth year and the twentieth year we derive from an analogy โ€“ ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื” /a year, a year (see the Mishnah), from the sixtieth year, as the first Tanna/teacher derives above, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Eliezer.

ื™ืœื“. ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื, ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื:

ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจืš. ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ืดื–:ื™ืดื–) ื›ืขืจื›ืš ื™ืงื•ื, ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืœื ื›ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจืš:

ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื›ืœืžื˜ื”. ืื ืืžืจ ืขืจืš ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœื™, ื•ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื. ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื“ื”ื›ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ [ืฉื] ื•ืื ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ:

ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฉืœืžื” ืฉื ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืœื“:

ื”ืŸ ืื ืขืฉื™ื ื•. ื‘ืชืžื™ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ืขืฉื™ื ื• [ืฉื ืช] ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืกืœืข, ื•ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ:

ื›ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืงืœ. ื“ืขืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ. ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืจืื™:

ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ. ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืช ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืฉื ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ืœืžื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืชืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช. ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืื“ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืดื—:ื˜ืดื•-ื˜ืดื–) ื•ืคื“ื•ื™ื• ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขืœื”, ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื ืคื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“. ื•ืฉื ืช ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืฉื ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื” ืžืฉื ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืชืดืง ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืณ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ: